Globalization and Stereotypes Essay

The purpose of globalization is to offer other countries their ideas, and values, and attitudes, about the world. The effects of globalization will lead to stereotypical views thrown in based on what we think we know because we are trying to control other countries by telling them what is wrong with their system and how our way is better for them. The United States is considered to be a world power and deem that the rest of the world needs our guidance to become what we feel would be a better and more unified country. Globalization is in fact a major contribution on cultural stereotypes. The United States is so intent on globalizing the rest of the world that we are not taking the time to understand and know the facts about foreign countries. The U.S tends to falsely stereotype these countries based on what they believe they know even if it not all true. By globalizing other countries, false accusations are being made because we are so caught up on trying to help improve these countr ies that we tend to get blindsided by the truths and facts about these countries. We ignore all the good and positive things about countries and we only see what is wrong with their systems because we are so eager to â€Å"fix their problems†. The United States tend to be pushy and unaware of foreign countries because they do not see things from their point of view. They are constantly comparing other countries with the U.S because they are convinced that everyone is supposed to live their lives similar to the United States. The U.S has a hard time believing that other countries are happy with the way they do things because they do not compare to how the U.S functions. For example, the United States has made assumptions toward Muslim woman about how they live their daily lives. From the outside looking in, they judge them and assume they need our help because to us they look like they cannot do things on their own. As Lorraine Ali writes in Not Ignorant, Not Helpless, â€Å" †¦the United States considers them helpless victims of a backward society to be saved through military intervention (27).† The United States feel that they have to intervene to help rescue Muslim woman because they cannot protect themselves. The U.S sees them as these timid women who cannot stand on their own two feet and have very limited freedom. That was not the case because they were actually making a change on their own. Muslim woman were becoming more than what they were being portrayed as from an outsiders way of seeing things. They were doing things that were not expected from Muslim women like having white-collar jobs and going to school. Globalization causes the U.S to expand their ideas and views to other countries that they feel need change. But they are not taking the chance to become aware of the changes that have already taken place within other countries. The United States is naà ¯ve when it comes to other cultures because they are so self-absorbed in their own country that they overlook what is going on in other countries around them weather it is commendable or not. The U.S assumes that everyone is supposed to automatically be acceptant of their ideas and values that they throw at them without questioning it. The United States do not realize that every country is unique in many different ways and their ways of doing things may not work for other countries that they are trying to help. For example, many Fijian women were accepting and comfortable of their body and how they looked. But when they received access to television, which received only one channel that broadcast programs from the United States these women started second guessing themselves about whether they truly admired how they looked. The United States had influenced these women into thinking that in order to feel and be beautiful they had to be as skinny as the women t hey see on television. Fiji had their own view on what beautiful is until the U.S implemented what they viewed as beautiful. As Susan Bordo, writer of â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders† mentions, â€Å"They speak to young people not just about how to be beautiful but also about how to become what the dominant culture admires, values, rewards.(19)† The United States prides itself on image. Many Americans believe that you have to look a certain way to be considered beautiful, cool, and poplar. Before Fijian women were introduced to these images they were happy with the way they looked and it was working for them but when the United States globalized that being thin was the right way to go that is when things drastically changed. The U.S purposes for broadcasting these programs were to change how Fijian people viewed looks. The U.S felt like Fiji needed change and introduced them to it through television broadcast. Fijian woman were just fine the way they were before these television broadcasts brainwashed them. Globalization is causing many cultural traditions to fade away and adapt to new changes because of the forces around them. Globalization is on the rise due to the fact that we are making a lot of new advances in many different things and the fact that everyone is starting to adapt to changes around the world. Paul Kennedy defines globalization as economies and societies coming together as a whole because of the advancement of different ways to communicate with one another. He feels that globalization is becoming more effective because countries and different cultures are producing newer and more efficient trade and investment patterns. It is not bringing the world together as a whole it is in fact changing the world to be something that it is not because it is forcing countries to be exactly like the others. Globalization is taking away everything that makes a certain country unique. By expanding our ideas, values, ideals and attitudes about the world around the world we are opening doors to some controversial things because not everyone feels the same way that we do. Globalization can be seen as an exceptional concept but it can also be seen as a poor one depending on the situation and topic at hand. The U.S believes that other countries are not well-off as they are because they constantly compare them with their own country. The United States fails to realize that every countries standards of living is different and you cannot compare each other because there is no such thing as the perfect country. Americans conclude that the United States has the ultimate world power, which is somewhat true because we have the power to influence other countries to accept what we believe in and do what we want them to do. The United States assumes they are of a higher power like they are the parents and other countries are their children. Other countries see that the United States is doing well and they believe that in order for them to do well they have to follow in their footsteps and do what they do. They think that other countries need their guidance and help and try to westernize them and make them more like the U.S. Because the United States happens to be one of the countries that seem to be perfect on the outside, they to like other countries face many problems. The United States assume that they are the perfect country but there is no way to define a perfect country. Cultural stereotypes can have a negative effect on our international relationships. By constantly making assumptions about countries and their cultures without knowing our facts can cause us to have communication barriers with other countries. It is impossible for countries to see eye to eye on things if their relationship is based on what they believe they know about each other. We cannot have progress and reach a mutual agreement on issues if we do not even know the truth about other countries. Stereotypes not only cause miscommunication but it will also lead into countries arguing which will lead into disagreements. By stereotyping other countries and cultures just makes it much harder to expand our ideals and values. I never thought that globalization and stereotypes go hand in hand with one another. When we think of globalization we automatically think of the outcome as being good but that is not always the case. Globalization can take a negative toll on countries and can cause them to completely develop in a new way. Globalization is supposed to be benefiting countries so that they can improve and introduce them to new things that they have not been exposed to before. We are supposed to be helping them to come up not bring them down. Globalization contributes and relies on stereotypes, which are not a good thing. Stereotypes are not accurate and therefore are not a valid point to rely on when we are trying to offer new ideas to different countries and cultures. The United States needs to find a new approach when it comes to globalization because our current approach in not the correct way to go about different situations and topics which have to deal with other countries. We have to learn to stop assuming things about other countries and start improving our communications with them and then there will be no more false notions between each other. If globalization is a network of communication between countries there should not be any false stereotypes between each other. This means that we are obviously doing something wrong to deal with other countries. So in order for the United States and other countries to improve on the way in which we handle globalization we have to start by working with each other and getting to know each other and understanding what works for us and what does not. Work Cited Alli, Lorraine. â€Å"Not Ignorant, Not Helpless.† The New World Reader. 3rd Edition. Gilbert H. Muller (ed.) Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. 26-27. Print Bordo, Susan. â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders.† The New World Reader. 3rd Edition. Gilbert H. Muller (ed.) Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. 17-21. Print

Are Teachers Born or Made? Essay

MARKET MODEL is the classification of market meaning, it has more buyers and sellers . Charles Darwin an English nationalist, once said that in the struggle for survival, the fittest win out, on the expense of their rivals because they have succeeded in adapting themselves best to their environment. This means competition is much more intense in the business, market place where different people compete with each other in order to emerge on the top and make more profits. This essay will discuss monopolistic competition which is the market structure in which there is a relatively large number of producers offering the similar but differentiated products. (Roger Leroy Miller 2000) in businesses competition is important where different people like in the question, (Chinese and Indians ) compete with each other in order to emerge on the top and make more profits. this essay will discuss monopolistic and its associated benefits . Firstly each of the entry and exodus (Roger Leroy miller) fo r any †¦..element monopolistic competitor , potential competition is always in the background, since sellers in monopolistic competition worry of losing business. This type of market helps firms to enter and exit a particular firm without facing problems. The entry and exit of a firms helps to sustain completion since the entry firms can come with new ideologies that can sustain business of the country. Entry increases the number of products from which customers can choose hence reducing the demand faced by each †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Already in the market (N. Gregory , Malawi 2001) consequently when firms are making loss, firms in the market has †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. To exit . as firms exit customers have fewer products from which to chose. Secondly, product differentiation: each firm produces a product that is at least slightly different from the other firms, i.e. rather than a price taker, each faces a downward sloping demand curve. (N. Gregory, Malawi 2001) Monopolistically competitive firms turn out variations of a particular product, i.e. they produce product with slightly different physical characteristics (McConnell Bruce 2008) for example Chinese goods are slightly different from Indians, goods like luxury goods are clothes and shoes . Firstly number of firms, each firm has small percentage of the local market and limited †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Over market t price. The presence large number of firms ensures that collusion by group of forms to restrict output and set prices is unlikely (McConnell Bruce 2008) independent action with numerous firms in an industry. Create no feeling of independence among them. Each firm can determine its own pricing policy without considering the possible reaction of rival firms. With so many sellers, each seller has a relatively small share of the total market (McConnell Bruce 2008) this makes the circulation of money very easily as no one will regard other person having more money than him. Example can be of chinese and Indians. However monopolistic competition has many benefits that can contribute to the development of the country. The following are some of the benefits . To begin with, it fosters innovation. Competition in business facilitates sellers to sell new things that change the lives of people. For instance, they sell goods like torches, radios that can soften the lives of people at the same time lead to the development of the country. Further more, availability of resources. Whenever there is competition the resource availability take place. The availability of goods and services creates economic growth that can lead to unlimited wants of consumers hence leads to the development of the country. I.e. if resource are available, it lead the country to develop, since the activities like infrastructures occur.

An Evaluation Of The Calvin Klein

An Evaluation Of The Calvin Klein The multiple definitions and understanding of the term ‘brand’ have created difficulties in creating a ‘grand theory’ for brands (i21). The meaning of brands has been continually changing as new understandings of the term emerge and replace the older understandings (i21). While a production centered brand theory focused on the creation process, especially the design, logo and advertising campaigns, the consumption centered brand theory emphasizes on the interpretation of brands by the customers (i3). Presently the brand theory has shifted from being production-centered, by differentiating products or services from its competitors, to becoming consumption-centered, by differentiating consumers from each other (i3) into different brand tribes. According to Aaker (1993 in 2), a brand represents a name, sign, symbol, design or a combination of such elements which uniquely identify and differentiate particular products or services from others. However, a brand i s distinct from a company’s name or trademark (i2) and unlike a trademark, which is a tangible item of intellectual property, a brand additionally incorporates the intangibles like identity, personality, associations and meanings; for example, Pepsi is portrayed as the â€Å"choice of new generation† suggesting Coca-Cola as an historical brand (i2, i3). In present scenario, different formats of brands exist, whether as family brands like Heinz, where each product exists under a single name or as standalone brands as in case of Unilever (i2) where each brand demonstrates an individual identity. Nevertheless, the aim of brands is to develop relationships with customers by creating value propositions related to functional, emotional or self-expressive advantages (Aaker, 1996 in 2). Today brands are acknowledged as assets on balance sheets similar to the values assigned to tangible properties. Private labels are the products produced under a retailer’s account and s old under the retailer’s brand or another brands through specific retail chains or retailers (pl2). Such products that are natural extensions of other product lines are ideal private-label products and they can build value and recognition from the customers. Private label products are usually not advertised and cheaper than the similar branded products as the entrance cost of such products at the sales points are eliminated. Hence private labels assume significant importance in times of economic downturns. However, they have also been associated with low quality. But the situation is changing with retailers offering premium private label brands, like the Tesco’s finest range, which compete directly with the national brands on the basis of their quality (private label1) and are now considered to offer high value (pl2). Nevertheless, consumer purchase behavior for private label product is tends to be product specific (Livesay and Lennon, 1978, in pl2). Brand leveraging i s a process which aims at reinforcing a brand by linking it to another person, place, thing or brand (i5). One popular way has been associating a brand with celebrities. Many of the popular fragrances in UK are associated with celebrities like Kate Moss, David all those targeted for women from 30- to- 45 years old and Eternity Moment targeted for young women. Brand extensions into other product classes (Aaker, 1996) can also be used to Leverage Calvin Klein.

Student Freedoms Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Student Freedoms - Assignment Example Student freedom is one of the most controversial issues that school officials are confronted with in the present day education system, according to Rossow and Stefkovich (2006). This has particularly been the came when it comes to deciding whether to search a student’s belonging or seize a property. Students have often cited the Forth Amendment of the U.S. constitution that bars school administrators from searching or seizing their property. The Fourth Amendment protects American citizens including students from unwarranted search and seizer (Bedden, 2006). However, there are exceptions to the Fourth Amendment where school administrators should carry a search or seize properties in public schools. The aim of this paper is to analyze the limits that should be placed upon search and seizer in public schools. Students’ freedom has been a controversial issue in the present day education system. Bedden (2006) attributes the controversy to the fact that the Fourth Amendment o f the U.S. constitution protects students from unreasonable search and seizer. Bedden argues that even though the Fourth Amendment protects the students’ privacy rights, it has opened an avenue of misbehaviors among students in public schools. According to education experts, students expect the right of privacy in their lockers and as such, lockers ought to be protected against unreasonable search. ... In addition, they are responsible for instilling discipline in students to ensure they grow up with high moral standards. However, this can only happen when problems are maintained at a minimum level at school, according to Bedden (2006). To ensure that students are disciplined, they must have the right to search or seize anything they believe infringes on the school policy or is likely to cause violence or crime. For example, when a student is reasonably suspected of possessing a gun or drugs in class, the law permits school administrators to conduct a search on the locker belonging to the suspected student. This is because some students might use the guns to shoot their fellow students or teachers. This was witnessed when a student shot at his fellow student in Ga school recently and the other witnessed in Atlanta school. Therefore, as much as the Fourth Amendment protects students from unreasonable search and seizer, the right is not protected when there is a reasonable suspicion or causes that a student posses dangerous weapons that are likely to be used in committing a crime. Therefore, before conducting a search on a student’s locker, teachers must ensure that there is a reasonable cause for doing so. This includes ensuring that there is reasonable cause to suspect a student of violating school policy or likely to commit a crime, suggests Palicz (2011). The school rules must also be reasonable and compatible with educational purposes. This implies that a random search without any justifiable cause will amount to an infringement of the privacy of a student, which is protected by the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The main case in support of this claim is found in

MIDTERM PART 1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MIDTERM PART 1 - Term Paper Example Questions that are of particular interest to the scientist in this group are as follows: 1what is race? 2. What is its purpose on your planet? 3. We find that our meritocracy has served us well; allowing as doing amazing things, would a meritocracy work for you? Pleas answer the extraterrestrials questions. Page response maximum=3 Race is analyzed as the social construction that involves the racial classification with a common meaning. Racial formation includes both the racial groups and the constant racial thought. With the human interaction with the natural differentiation, the emphasis on the power of race in our current society greatly traverses with the ancestry and appearance of the individuals of a certain society. Hair, complexion facial features are major characteristics that influence the domination of races in lives (Williams, 1996). For a number of learners, that questions the different concepts of racial differences and ethnicity, cultural and heritage as well as nationality has been invested in the racial-differences. In the racialized realities that involves ethnic rituals that shows the historic interracial studies that helps in interacting with people coming from different backgrounds with the highly racialized boundaries ( Newport, 2011). The implications that multicultural classes vary from the ethnic studies classes that explain an historic separation of different races that is normal. The racial subject that is brought about by the common norms among people is manifested in the racial and economic prospects of different communities. Cultural differences is insurmountable that creates the existence of the â€Å"bona fide† mono racial groupings (Williams, 1996). Currently, all the learners were not challenged to consider on how race races are constructed. Therefore, making the claim that the race is faulty concept is significant its sociological application that do not mention in the interracial

Institutional Developments of Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Institutional Developments of Congress - Essay Example Following various reforms and changes, newly developed committee systems for legislation were advanced where the majority party leaders played a significant role in determining the major agenda in most of the floor seating. Majority of the party leaders had diversified advantages over the others since they enjoyed more prerogatives, and their control of issues was firm and greater. In addition to these, some of the political figures presented a great chance by shaping and expanding the committees through their personal ambitions. For instance, The House Speaker, Henry Clay emphasized in the creation of at least one committee charged with the responsibility of strategizing on the house rule reforms. They also created a domineering force in enabling the formation of these committee members. These members were to oversee on the expenditure of the executive especially with the existence of a policy-making body whose main advantage was not only to initiate their own bill proposal but also to gain more property rights over legislation.Nevertheless, the party leadership was evidenced through the sharing of interest by the party members by unifying them and institutionalizing on Reed's rule which not only focused on the alleviation of high tariffs and voting rights enforcements but also limited the house debates. It made the speaker’s prominent house powers diminish hence having a centralized party leadership in both the House and the Senate ruled by either the Democrats or the Republicans.

Risk Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Assessment - Essay Example In the first given case study of Colleen M. who is fifteen year old girl and determined juvenile by the court. When a teen is considered as juvenile or delinquent, his/ her future is put on stake and society also does not accept them. Colleen M. is not any criminal or gang member neither she has crime history prior but her minor quarrel with her neighbor took an ugly turn. In an argument with her neighbor, she threw a bucket of pesticide on her which caused major injuries to her and she immediately died on the spot. Though the accident took place in the negligence of Colleen yet it is sufficient to devastating her future. On the contrary, in the case of Xander who is a seventeen year old African American male is a documented gang member. He was convicted as juvenile when he was thirteen for drug possession, purse snatching and breaking and entering. Till date he has faced three police custodies one of which is for possession of a concealed weapon, to which he has pled guilty. When bo th the case studies are compared, the first difference which is noticed is that Xander had a criminal background but Colleen hadn’t had such background. ... On the contrary, Xander is in contact with his mother and had cordial relations with her, though he does not have any contact with his father. In spite of having love and support of his mother, Xander is a documented member of a gang and have been involved in criminal offences since the age of 13 whereas there are no criminal charges against Colleen before this particular case. Along with this, comparison of these two individuals also indicates that both of them are not good at academics. In fact, Xander is a high school dropout whereas no information provided about Colleen. Therefore, there is room for information about Colleen’s academics background however her actions imply that she is not a regular student in school. Furthermore, their present case status demonstrate that they are involved in great risk as precious years of their young life are stuck into the police case which hinders their personality to grow. It is the time for them when they can polish their skills and become a responsible citizen as well as a family member but their unwarranted actions are slowly spoiling their life. The level of risk in their life is on high level. In the teen age they are accused of crimes like involuntary manslaughter and possession of weapons which is a clear indication of their troubled mental state. Colleen used to live with her aunt but many times she ran away from her home. Again, it shows that she is not happy with her and something immensely disturbing her. Court also doubts that she is a drug addict and but she refused this by saying that while traveling with three homeless men, they unknowingly stumbled upon a field of poppies and that before they knew it; the intoxicating aroma caused her

Administrative Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Administrative Law - Case Study Example This principle, known as Wednesbury unreasonableness, requires William to establish that the Ministry's decision is William however is seeking to rely on a previous policy and to be treated as an exception to the existing, published policy. The question is whether he has a substantive right to do so, given that decision makers have the right to change their minds and have a duty to make unfettered decisions.4The doctrine of legitimate expectation5 recognizes that occasionally when a public body makes an unfettered decision injustice is done to a citizen. A citizen will have a legitimate expectation where an official statement or other conduct of a public body has led to a reasonable belief that the citizen will be able to claim a benefit or advantage and it would be unfair for the public body to deprive the citizen of that benefit or advantage. Examples include where an official letter stated that an interview would be given before deportation6 and where an official circular stated t hat adoptions from abroad would be allowed in certain circumstances.7 The fact that the compensation scheme came into being by the government exercising its prerogative powers will not preclude the court examining the justicability of the subject matter.8 In Council for Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [1984]9 their Lordships held that the trade unionists had a legitimate expectation that they would be consulted based on regular consultation on conditions of service in the past until they were given reasons for its withdrawal and the opportunity to comment. In R v. North and East Devon Health Authorities Ex p Coughlan [2000] the local health authority reneged on a promise that the claimant would have a home for life. The Court of Appeal held that the statement was clear and unambiguous and that it was reasonable for the claimant to rely on it. On the basis of the reported decisions William will certainly have sufficient interest to apply for judicial review. Whether the court will bind the Ministry to honour its earlier policy on his behalf is a matter for the court's discretion. The court has to weigh the consequences of allowing William's expectations to be filled against the unlawful fettering of the Ministry's discretion and frustration of Parliament's clear intention not to award compensation. He will certainly be entitled to a fair hearing and to be given reasons why he is to be denied the benefit. The court will only insist that the Ministry honour his expectation if there is 'some overriding public interest which justifies a departure'10 Although William is required to state the remedy(ies) sought in his initial application for judicial review, all remedies are discretionary in judicial review, and there is no guarantee that he will be granted any remedy even if he is successful. Technically speaking the court can order any one or more of 6 orders in a judicial review application: a quashing order, a mandatory order, a prohibitive order, an injunction, a declaration and damages. In practice however a legitimate expectation does not give an absolute right to a remedy - only a heightened claim to the benefit or advantage.11 Generally the most

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis - Essay Example Back in the 1970's the Supreme Court tackled in the case of Roe v. Wade the issues of pregnancy and even abortion as private matters (Chaiten, 2004). Today, however, the shift is on making the aspects of private realm as pertinent concerns of the state, especially when it comes to the issue of public safety. In the case of People v. Samson, the court ruled upon the rights of a parolee. The facts of the case focus on the encounter between the parolee and a police officer. It was September 6, 2002 police officer Alex Rohleder, while patrolling, saw and recognized the parolee Donald Curtis Samson whom he heard from his colleagues as having 'a parolee at large warrant.' Rohleder approached and inquired. Samson declared that he was then 'in good standing with his parole agent.' All the same, police officer Rohleder decided to conduct a search and justified the said search by claiming that as a parolee, there is a need to make sure that Samson obeys the laws and rules. It is a mere privilege that Samson has been set out of prison and he will be discharged Samson if he has 'nothing illegal.' There is actually a condition on Samson's parole that grants any officer the right to search at any time whether or not there is a warrant. This is a valid condition and it is implemented to all parolees i n the State of California. The police officer found cigarette box and discovered a plastic bag with methamphetamine. Samson was arrested. Samson filed a motion to suppress evidence, but this was denied. He was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment. He appealed before the Court of Appeals which affirmed the validity of the parole search. Analysis There are some situations and events that people undergo at present that are claimed to justify the interference of the state into what used to be purely private matters. This can be attributed to the onset of globalization and the too many changes it has brought to the society. It is a fact that most of the crimes committed today are those that goes beyond what the public can right away see. Some people are molested, harmed and harassed, even if there is no physical contact because of the internet and computer technology. Also, the terrorism that the whole world was able to witness in September 11, 2001 has left many people constantly paranoid of their safety in the public and in their homes. Evidently, these events called for the sudden reshaping of state laws and policies. These also prompted the need to shift paradigms and for the state to pry into the private realm to reveal any bad intent that may cause damage to the public. To many people, the question still remains. Who shall delineate the line on what remains private and what is public when the need arises Who shall say that the government can intervene in most private decisions an individual or household shall make (Chaiten, 2004) How shall every private individual be assured that the rule of law will constantly be implemented and that the inquiry into the public realm is justified This cannot go unresolved as people have witnessed how tendency to abuses and prejudices can harm a small number of people out there. The State is inviolable. Its general principles lie in serving the people that constitute it. Yet, it remains as a mere legal concept. Its

Outsourcing to Developing Countries Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Outsourcing to Developing Countries - Term Paper Example The question of outsourcing has a brought about a lot out a myriad of protests, many of them by them based on the escalating the rates of unemployment. Notably, while there are some Americans that take it as a positive thing many more are scared by what it portends especially those who have lost their jobs to foreigners. According to Howard, in the article â€Å"Globalization is an anomaly and its time is running out,† China hosts very many of American china stores and myriad firms all are taking advantage of the cheap labor and raw materials. However, should China involve itself in search for oil from its Arabian neighbors there is potential for conflict? In such a case, America and China may be embroiled in an international row and this might force the investments in America to be closed down (Howard). Furthermore, due to political instability in many developing companies, outsourcing might mean risking losing the investment in the time of riots or civil wars and the economy back home would suffer directly as a result of a conflict in which America is neutral. Outsourcing is a two-sided sword, effectively cutting both parties in the arrangement, in America; there are several financial gains especially for the firms involved. They get to form international networks thanks to globalization, obtain cheap labor, wide market and finally they are paying very little tax since some of the countries in which they outsource give foreign investors tax breaks to encourage them and other multinationals to invest therein. In this paper, the issue of outsourcing will be examined closely in order to support, through argument, the position that outsourcing is doing more harm than good to the American economy. Outsourcing carries a myriad of negative financial implication for America; one of these is that it greatly contributes to unemployment in the USA. It is predicted that 949 million will be lost because of outsourcing annually. These losses are not purely business by a huge fraction of it represents lost wages, to Americans, whose former employers have decamped so they can hire cheaper labor.  

Pearl Harbor Battle Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pearl Harbor Battle Analysis Essay On a pleasant and beautiful Sunday, December 7, 1984, Japan implemented a surprise attack on the US Naval Base in Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii which gave United States a door to enter into World War II. Even though Japan did not follow through with the attack causing the third wave of bombers to break contact from dropping bombs to finish off the rest of the fleet docking in Pearl Harbor, it was a well prepared, and carefully orchestrated attack on the Americans because the Japanese followed almost all the nine Principles of War. However there was one principle that the Japanese did not executed causing them to surrender later on in World War II. There are nine Principles of War, that is; unity of command, mass, objective, offensive, surprise, economy of force, maneuver, and security. The attack include massconcentrating the combat power at the decisive place and time. The objective was clear and directed every military operation towards a clearly defined, decisive attainable objective. The attack was clearly offensive where it seize, retained, and exploited the initiatives. Surprise was the definitely the most important principle used striking Pearl Harbor on a given time when it was unprepared. Economy of force was allocated to the wave of attacks where essential combat power was given as a secondary effort. The maneuvers were clearly executed where Japan placed United States in a position of disadvantage through the flexibility application of combat power. There was unity of command in which the Japanese ensured each objective had a responsible commander. Unity of command was visible within the Japanese fleet. The commander for the December 7th 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor was Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto (PeopleJapan, ). Yamamoto was responsible for the combined Japanese fleet where he devised the strategy for the attack, and because of his careful, organized, and educated planing, Pearl Harbor was almost fully destroyed. Under Yamamoto is Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumoto who was in command of the First Air Fleet. Nagamuto relied heavily on the experience of his subordinates Comander Minoru Genda, and Rear Admiral Ryunosuke Kusaka. â€Å"No one can truly understand what happened at Pearl Harbor without at least a nodding acquantance with these men, for the plan’s inception, preparation, execution, and stunning success were shaped by the personalities and experience of these men† (Goldstein, 1991). By element of mass with in the nine Principles of War, the Japanese attack forces was well equipped for the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. Japan understands that their country cannot defeat United Staes in a â€Å"conventional war, lacking as it did sufficient man power and raw materials (notably oil) for such a sustained effort however Japan was able to put together combined fleet large enough to go toe to toe with the United States Navy in Hawaii† (Long, 2007). Japanese air attack forces consisted of six carriers named Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, Hiryu, Shokaku, and Zuikaku. Support forces consisted of two battleship and two heavy cruisers known as Tone and Chikuma. Screening forces consisted of one light cruiser and nine destroyers named Akuma. Patrol forces had three submarines. In addition, the supply forces ha eight oilers. Together these combined fleet was named the Kido Butai, or task force which was the largest number of aircraft carriers ever to operate togeth er (Carlisle, 114). Admiral Yamamoto and the Kido Fleet’s objective was to destroy the naval ships in Pearl Harbor and knock out the U.S. Pacific Fleet. In retrospect, this attack is also an offensive attack as a significant Japanese fighting force so that the Americans could not oppose on Japan’s conquest of South East Asia and the Pacific Islands. Another reason for the attack is because President Roosevelt had banned all exports of scrap iron, steel and oil to Japan. The reason for the embargo was the Japanese invasion of China. Japan had lost more than 90% of its oil supply (Carlisle, 2006). The economic isolation crippled their economy and military. In addition, Japan were keen on expanding their empire and had to make a decision between surrendering or going to war with the United States. Lastly, United States had not yet entered the Second World War, because they were still reeling from depression due to the First World War. United States did, however, still possess the strongest naval fleets. In that perspective, the Japanese were almost as strong as the American navy. As time passed, America favored more and more towards joining the war. The Japanese anticipated a full-blown naval war with America and therefore, decided to act first by bombing Pearl Harbor which was a key terrain feature in the Pacific due to it’s massive and deep harbor for naval ships. The element of economy of force was also present during the attack on Pearl Harbor. This allowed Japans zero bomber to allocate minimum essential combat power towards the attack. With the economy of force, the element of maneuver also played abig role towards the raid. There were two aerial attack waves, totaling 353 aircraft that was launched from the six Japanese aircraft carriers. In actuality, Admiral Yamamoto’s plans consisted of three waves of attack. The first wave of attacked was launched at 0740 with 163 aircrafts that was coming from the North Shore. Their objective was to destroy airfields at Wheeler, Ewa, Hickam, and Pearl Harbor. The second wave was launched an hour later to the Windward side of the island with 167 aircraft bombers. Their mission was also to destroy airfields in Kaneohe and Bellows, Hickam, and Pearl Harbor. Admiral Yamamoto called off the third wave because he believed the second strike had essentially satisfied the main objective of his mission which was to cripple United States Pacific Fleet. In addition Admiral Yamamoto did not wish to risk further losses. With Admiral Yamamoto’s careful planning of the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan was successful on completing their objective in the Pacific by destroying the Naval fleet. However, they failed to follow through with the element of security. Security states that Japan should have never permitted United States from acquiring an unexpected advantage. With Admiral Yamamoto calling off the third wave, this allowed United States to get back up on its feet. Japan may have won the battle on Pearl Harbor, however that decision â€Å"woke up the sleeping giant† causing Japan to surrender the war to the Americans. The biggest impact on the Japanese attack was the element of surprise which was Japans key tactic on Pearl Harbor and other military bases on Oahu that struck Americans as a â€Å"dastardly attack† â€Å"stab in the back.† On December 7th, 1941, everyone went about their daily routine. Naval and military commands in Hawaii did not suspect that this day would be the day they would get a huge surprise by getting attacked. Washington and Honolulu were aware of the Japanese threats to attack areas in Southeast Asia but they didn’t think a surprise attack at Pearl Harbor was in the plans. The commands in Washington and Honolulu had no idea because based on their intelligence they received mostly from U.S radio intelligence and diplomatic code breaking, the intelligence received told them that the Japanese were moving south and they weren’t going to be in â€Å"danger†. Washington received intelligence from the office of naval intelligence a few hours before the attack indicating that the all of Japan’s fleet carriers were in their home waters. This was one way how the Japanese completely fooled and the U.S. intelligence and surprised them with a damaging attack on Pearl Harbor and other military installations. Sunday mornings are normally a time of leisure for military personnel, and during this time, especially in the morning, some are still asleep, or at church with their families. With the Japanese knowing this, this was the best time to launch their surprise attack because they knew people would not be able to respond to the attacks quick enough to fight back and it would be the perfect opportunity to destroy all of their fleets and aircrafts Japan’s careful and well orchestrated attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941, destroyed almost all the American Naval fleet in the Pacific. This allowed Japan to continue its imperialism towards Southeast Asian without United States interference. Even when Japan failed to follow through with the element of security towards United States, they still followed almost all the nine Principles of War in order for them to have a successful raid. The third wave of attack could have the destroyed the fuel storage, maintenance, and dry dock facilities that would have crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet far more seriously than the loss of its battleships. If they had been wiped out, United States could not have been able to bounce back, join the war, and eventually forced Japan to surrender. Work Cited Carlisle, Rodney P. December 7, 1941: One Day in History : The Days That Changed the World. New York: Collins, 2006. Print. Long, Tony, July 27, 2007. Dec. 7, 1941: Attack at Pearl Harbor a Bold, Desperate Gamble. Wired.com. Conde Nast Digital, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/12/dayintech_1207 Goldstein, Donald M. The Way It Was Pearl Harbor. The Original Photographs. Washington: Brasseys, 1991. Print. Global Research. Pearl Harbor: A Successful War Lie. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. http://www.globalresearch.ca/pearl-harbor-a-successful-war-lie/22305 How Did Japan View the Pearl Harbor Attacks? ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0214300/nzjapaneseview1.html Hoyt, Edwin Palmer. Pearl Harbor Attack. New York: Sterling Pub., 2008. Print. Kam, Ephraim. Surprise Attack: The Victims Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1988. Print. People-JapanAdmiral Isoroku Yamamoto, IJN, (1884-1943). People-JapanAdmiral Isoroku Yamamoto, IJN, (1884-1943). N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/prs-for/japan/japrs-xz/i-yamto.htm The Attack by the First Japanese Wave. The Attack by the First Japanese Wave. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. http://www.pacificwar.org.au/pearlharbor/FirstWaveAttack.html Tures A. Tures, LaGrange. William Billy Mitchell, the Man Who Predicted the Pearl Harbor Day Disaster. Yahoo! News. Yahoo!, 06 Dec. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. Wisniewski, Richard A. Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona Memorial: A Pictorial History. Honololu, Hawaii (P.O. Box 8924, Honolulu 96830): Pacific Basin Enterprises, 1986. Print.

Samuel Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay Example for Free

Samuel Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay In the history of ancient poets, there emerged great writers who correlated the underpinning lifestyles on social life they believed in. Merited information on their writing remains tangible and historical based to disseminate the realities of many beliefs and conducts made in different scenarios people found themselves in. ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ is one of the longest poems in writing history written by Samuel Coleridge in 1798 (Rubasky, 1). Ideas of sin, penance, and redemption are denotable from this poem in relation to the ancient approaches of acts of sin, the encountering of the sinners, and the relatable redemption after several befalling of scenarios as discussed in this study. Intensity and consequences of the victim are elaborative in this study to bring light on the reality of religion and traditional perspectives of this ancient community. People may enter into an erroneous situation just after a prolonged happiness whereby things seemed to run seamlessly. A situation where people are undergoing joy of perfection due to past or current situation does not sanctify the occasion as repel from bad moments occurring. As Mariner interrupts the wedding progression, the commencement of his story seams enticing as stated by Coleridge, â€Å"The Wedding-Guest sat on a stone: He cannot choose but hear; And thus spake on that ancient man, The bright-eyed Mariner† (20). Human beings have a tendency of being carried away by merry moments, which leads to misconception due to filled anxiety. It is therefore upon this anxiety where people involve themselves in overdoing things and make them go astray. As the Couch writes on Coleridge’s argument, everything for the sailing journey seemed good until the ship crossed the line (30). Storm-blast reigned in tyrannous nature and immense strength, hitting the ship, and changing its sail-way to South Pole. Forced to icy land with fearful sounds and no sign of living things, Albatross sea-bird, indentified as a bird of good omen; ‘Christian soul’ came along and was served hospitably (75). Due to repeated guidance and reliance of food and play to the sailors, the ancient mariner mistook and shot the bird to death. Fellow shipmates cried out, aroused by the act considered taboo, the mariner sinned, he did not solve the stormy issue but instead the wind blew continuously. Until the ceasing of mis t and the rise of glorious sun, the shipmates accomplice the crime of killing an innocent, bird of good luck. Regarding this reality, people used assumptions and diverse views on sin commitment and could not indentify the exact act that could predominately refer to sin. Some seemed to honor their Supreme God as they viewed the bird as an amicable messenger of Him yet failed on supporting the mariner’s killing of Albatross. Numerous religious artifacts have proved that when people involve themselves in wrongdoing, the vengeful moment has to follow. It is a factual ideology that started in ancient days whereby people are bound by ethical fundamentals, which govern the code of conduct in everyday life. Good things are relatable to not sinful while bad or harmful things, physically and emotionally, are relatable to sinning. Moreover, as LibriVox argues, the belief traces back to the mariners time whereby after committing sin, one was applicable to a kind of penance of religious punishment to settle the bad omen brought to the community. For instance, the killing of Albatross brought stiff detrimental views to the shipmates by associating the challenges they faced with the killing. Appalling things revolved around their journey at the point of ‘slimy sea’ as the sailor’s lack of a single drop to drink and the occurrence of dancing death-fires at nights which camouflaged in different colors. Scary nightmares and follow up of evil spirits from land to the snowy sea frightened the shipmates that led to disillusioned actions of the accompaniments of the ancient mariner. They hanged dead Albatross on his neck in the verge of easing and appealing the worsening spirits activities against their wellbeing. As Coleridge states, â€Å"Instead of the cross, the Albatross, About my neck was hung† (140). Punishment intensity climaxed when Spectre-Woman appeared with barking and dreadful sounds and caused an additional fear to the shipmates. There was Albatross killing, and so was the punishment inevitable. She was capable of thickening human blood with cold, an act she practiced to the other men who sailed with the ancient mariner. It is clear from the poet’s elaboration that killing the man who killed Albatross would not be as severe to his punishment as killing the men he sailed with and continue sailing alone in the midst of snowy sea. Mariner’s shipmates were killed in a fast and remorseful manner whereby they dropped one after the other, dead. In the assurance of maximum torment to the mariner, every man’s soul was identifiable as they crossed his face like the whizz of his crossbow shot. Penance defined the nature of correcting the supernatural intrusions since the devilish signs on scary scenarios and human killing implicated vengefulness . However, it is denotable from the poem that praying, communicating to God, would definitely give a saving solution from the erroneous moment the sinful people go through despite that fact that the mariner was unable to utter prayers substantively due to the scenario inflicted upon him. Human beliefs tend to involve powerful meanings and associate tremendous results, especially when one relies on their spell capabilities. Beliefs make people position their minds in a hopeful manner through imagination and faith in the verge of seeking substantive help in difficult situations. The deliverance point is referred to as redemption, which comes after great commitment on the visionary worship to one’s supreme being of believing. The Mariner’s consistence in praying to the Supreme God, he believes in, emerges vital towards his safety sailing back to his native country. The spell of the disillusioned sailing destiny began to loosen up when Albatross’ body fell from his neck to the water, sinking like a lead metal. His praising was through ‘Mary Queen’ as he claimed to have sent him gentle sleep from heaven (295). To his amazement, the ancient mariner woke up just to realize it was raining. Refreshment to his body and the termination of his thirst was grateful. Different voices argue that the man had his penance and salvation moment reached. Caring spirit, which had sent a loving bird to the man, the man who killed it, sailed the ship without winds to the man’s native country. Total redemption had been achieved through penance and seeking of forgiveness. Work Cited Coleridge, Samuel. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. New York: D. Appleton. 1798. Print. Couch, Quiller. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 1772–1834: 549. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. 1919. Web. 6 February 2013. LibriVox. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: By Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834). 2012. Web. 6 February 2013. Rubasky, Elizabeth. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’: Coleridge’s Multiple Models of Interpretation. New York: The Coleridge Bulletin. 2004. Print.

Dealing With Global Income Inequality and its Consequences

Dealing With Global Income Inequality and its Consequences Tim Mulligan Problem Background: The passing of time has generally served to benefit many of the problems revolving international relations. As time has progressed, so have human development policies, international organizations and missions for global peacekeeping. Time has brought us to an era where nuclear weapons have made all-out war is obsolete, and where greater efforts towards controlling climate change are technologically possible. Time has not served the world’s income inequality well, though. Income inequality is one of international relations seemingly insurmountable obstacles and this can be attributed to several factors that have continuously plagued and complicated the issue. Although recent studies may report increases in the world’s average income within the past few decades, rates of economic inequality have largely remained the same. (Milanovic, para. ) Moreover, the income inequality rates of the world have risen seventeen percent since the year 1820 and only show signs of continuing this pattern. (â€Å"Breaking the Camels Back†) These global rates have experienced rises and falls in correlation to the well-being of the world’s economy, higher equality in positive economic times and lower equality in times of economic crisis. But, the explanation for why income inequality has fallen—and continues to fall—transcends the simple explanation of poor economy=poor economic equality and good economy=good economic equality. The worlds declining rate of equality is a product of a number of internal and international aspects including governmental policies, ethnic discrepancies, colonization and the earth’s limited re sources, all of which have undermined the financial equality of individuals for centuries. The complexity in the causality of this issue is what makes the development and implementation of appropriate international policies such a difficult task. It is also important to note that income inequality does not strictly affect individuals, but also has a large impact on states and furthermore the world as a whole. The income inequality of individuals within a state or nation will often be indicative of the state’s overall power and more importantly its stability. Everything from economic influence, military power, the standard of living, and political participation are byproducts of a state’s level of income inequality. This is because the individuals who experience this degree of poverty typically go unrepresented, either because the wealthy control the interests of the state or because they are under a dictatorship that does not allow them representation. Without equal representation politically and economically, states often face internal struggles with rebellion, constant regime changes, education, extreme poverty and even civil war. These are indicators of a â€Å"failed state†, which is a state in which the government is not in control of its citizens. This lack of stability can shut down government, international trading, national defense, human development and other things that are imperative not only to internal stability, but to relations with the rest of the world. Analysis of the Policy Problem: Several experts provide potential policy options for the improvement of global income inequality levels: Robert Muggah suggests that positive changes in income inequality and poverty are rooted in the structure and policies of urban city governments. He approaches the issue on the basis that the governments of dense urban cities have a more direct impact on the level of income inequality throughout the world than state governments. His emphasis is on communication between city mayors and citizens as well as communication and cooperation between poor cities and wealthy cities. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Muggah takes a liberal and very unique approach to the problem. In his expert opinion, he believes that local mayors need to be more receptive to the opinions of their citizens. This is in order to generate an agenda that better embodies the opinions of those who may go unrepresented because of their impoverished status. Muggah believes that the most commonly shared opinions may not in fact be the ones that are receiving treatment through policies and that a better line of communication between government and citizen could bring about more effective governing in regards to dealing with income inequality. (Muggah, Urban Rennaissance) Muggah also finds value in unifying wealthy cities with poor cities. He views this not only as a source of financial aid for struggling cities, but also as an opportunity for impoverished cities to observe potentially more effective income inequality policies. (Muggah, Urban Rennaissance) A second policy position to observe is that of David Dollar and Aart Kraay. They take a stance promoting the benefits of globalization as a means of lowering the level of income inequality throughout the world. They believe that many countries with high rates of income inequality are in such a state because they lack a connection with other, richer countries. They are losing the battle of income inequality internally without looking outward for opportunity and aid from other countries. Dollar and Kraay also stress the idea that the economic decisions of powerful countries play a huge role in the level of global inequality. (Dollar, Kraay, A Rising Tide) The primary point of Dollar and Kraay is that countries that are struggling with income inequality need to find opportunities in international trade and foreign investments. This is because the improvement of impoverished countries is at the will of the world’s more powerful countries. They believe that rich countries that deny economic integration with poor countries need to be dealt consequences or be convinced to do otherwise. Another theory of theirs is that poor countries need to construct governing systems that are consistent with the process of globalization. (Dollar, Kraay, A Rising Tide) Branko Milanovic maintains a viewpoint that is contradictory to Dollar and Kraay’s. Milanovic does not find globalism to generate the amount of wealth for a country that is necessary to bring it’s impoverished out of inequality. He stands firmly behind the idea that extreme capitalism has the greatest chance of decreasing the amount of global income inequality. His idea is that the generation of wealth and jobs from capitalists will in turn generate a larger pool of wealth and opportunities to be shared with the poor. (Milanovic, para. 11-20) Milanovic’s argument is that capitalism is an unstoppable force and that mitigating an individual’s desire for more wealth is impossible. Because of this, he believes that it is a better idea to employ capitalism for its economic growth advantages rather than push for individuals to redistribute their funds among the poor. With that said, Milanovic also calls for a reform in the mindset of the modern capitalist that focuses more on entrepreneurship and the saving of wealth rather than illustrious spending. He specifically refers to the winner-take-all attitude that capitalists have taken on since the 1980’s which he believes has caused wealthy businessmen to focus on personal growth rather than expansion that can benefit all. Milanovic finds that a country benefits more from internal wealth and job creation than becoming interdependent with other countries. (Milanovic, para. 13-21) Ryo Arawatari’s policy position is based on the effect that voter turnout has on the income inequality level of countries. Arawatari tested his theory that low voter turnout may have a negative impact on the level of income inequality in a country with a series of mathematical equations. (Arawatari, pg.32- 53)The results of his tests found that there is a significant negative relationship between the two, mathematically speaking. Arawatari proposes that perhaps income inequality could be lower if more citizens that were impoverished voted and provided themselves with representation regarding the distribution of wealth in their country. He also found that lower voter turnout (statistically) stunts a countries GDP growth rate which could in turn increase the level of inequality in the country. Although he does not specifically propose a change in policy, Arawatari analyses the value of voting and democracy as a potential factor to change the level of income inequality globally. (Arawatari, pg. 29-32) It is important to note the variety of policy positions that are presented. The experts that are cited have fairly different viewpoints in regards to addressing the problem of global income inequality. The two views that seem to contain similarities (if any) are Robert Muggah and Ryo Arawatari’s. Both of these experts advocate an increase in citizen-to-government involvement. Muggah promotes the value of communication between citizens and their local government officials and Arawatari promotes the value of the democratic vote. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) These are both solutions to global income inequality that rely on the internal processes of countries rather than their policies on foreign affairs. Branko Milanovic also proposes a solution that involves countries working from within their borders but he focuses on what wealthy capitalists can do to lower inequality rather than what the impoverished can do for themselves. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Branko Milanovic and David Dollar and Aart Kraay have the most conflicting policy stances. Milanovic belittles the value of globalization, which on the contrary Dollar and Kraay are strong proponents. They disagree not on whether globalization has a positive effect on global income inequality, but whether this affect is influential enough to cause a swift, significant and positive change in the problem. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Not only do they contradict each other on which policy provides the greatest reduction in income inequality, Milanovic goes as far as claiming that globalization will not produce results quickly enough. Milanovic includes timeliness as an important tool for the support for his argument which other experts did not appear to touch on. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Robert Muggah may have the most unique position on the problem of global income inequality. His addressing of global inequality at the local government level provides a far different solution than other experts. As Milanovic, Arawatari, Dollar and Kraay champion policies that take place at the national or international level, Muggah has a grassroots approach which calls for change at the lowest level of government. Not only that, but his policy relies on a humanitarian and moral policy change while the other experts look more into more structural changes and globalization efforts. Muggah proposes working from the bottom up instead of the more popular policies which work form the top down to solve global income inequality. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Major Conclusions: The opinions of these experts are drastically different from one another in regards to their range of options and applicability. Robert Muggah’s serves as the most loosely applicable option. As a policy based simply on â€Å"better† communication between urban city mayors and citizens, the policy can hardly be called a policy, as there is no structural way to implement the idea either within a country or on an international level. This policy could only be applied to cities which are a part of democratic regimes and in states that have local governments. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Arawatari’s policy is much more comprehensive than it is ad hoc. Arawatari does not propose a structural policy either, he calls for an initiative to increase voter turnout which greatly limits the potential application for his ideology. This policy would also be limited to use in democratic regimes that have an electorate and even more specifically, states with low voter turnout. (Arawatari, pg.29) Milanovic is also proposes a fairly comprehensive policy that could only be exercised by a select group of countries, or individuals for that matter. His advocacy for extreme capitalism would only apply to countries that have a capitalistic economy which is a fairly small percentage of the countries which have high rates of income inequality. Also, the aspect of his argument that calls for modern capitalists to focus more on entrepreneurial values of job growth and distribution is not enforceable by government which limits its application. (Milanovic, para.13-20) Dollar and Kraays policy is the more as hoc of the group. Their advocacy for globalization is not only a policy that can be implemented in nearly every country, but it can also be instituted through the means of foreign policy efforts, economic interdependency and foreign investment. In promoting globalization, Dollar and Kraay are actually advocating the expansion of the applicability of their own policy. (Dollar. Kraay, A Rising Tide) The policies put forth by these experts have applications that would not yield results for a long period of time as income inequality and other such economic factors are not susceptible to quick changes. The complexity and depth of global income inequality alone could cause even the most successful policy to take a significant amount of time to impact the world. Arawatari and Muggah’s policies although being the most abstract of the policies, could yield the quickest results due to their more direct approach to increasing the representation of individuals who are impoverished. Muggah’s policy of communication between citizens and mayors could have an immediate effect on the representation of cities and their potential changes to help increase income equality depending on the legislatures of the city. If the legislature considers the opinions of the impoverished citizens then perhaps change can come about through statutes. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Arawatari’s policy of increased voter turnout can also bring about immediate changes in legislature or public figures that can provide for higher rates of income equality for the impoverished. Milanovic, Dollar and Kraay have more long term policies. Milanovics policy hinges upon the changing of the mindset of capitalists which may not be a goal to rely on as it is abstract. Also his advocacy for extreme capitalism would not generate an immediate change in income inequality because even if the mindsets of capitalists were to align right with his proposed ideal, these individuals could take decades to make an impact that would have an effect on an entire countries economy. (Milanovic, para. 9-20) Dollar and Kraays globalization policy would take the longest not only to implement, to take effect. Creating economic interdependency and expanding relations with other counties alone is a task, but the economic growth that would be expected to follow would take even longer. There are also many factors that can inhibit the policies continuity like war, terrorism and global economic crisis. References Arawatari, Ryo. Informatization, Voter Turnout and Income Inequality. Journal of Economic Inequality 7, no. 1 (2007): 29-54. Accessed April 27, 2015. doi:March 2009. Breaking the Camels Back. The Economist. October 4, 2014. Accessed April 15, 2015. http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21621908-what-impressive-work-economic-history-tells-you-about-inequality-breaking. Dollar, David, and Aart Kraay. Spreading the Wealth. Foreign Affairs. January 1, 2002. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57626/david-dollar-and-aart-kraay/spreading-the-wealth. Milanovic, Branko. Inequality and Its Discontents. Foreign Affairs. August 12, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68031/branko-milanovic/inequality-and-its-discontents. Muggah, Robert. Fixing Fragile Cities. Foreign Affairs. January 15, 2015. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/142760/robert-muggah/fixingfragile-cities

Sonnys Blues Essay :: Free Essays

Sonny’s Blues By James Baldwin Sonny’s Blues the author is presenting the past from the perspective of the present in order to understand his own feelings concerning the role of a father. The two brothers in the story had different life choices. Both Sonny and the narrator have found their own mode of escaping the violence and harshness of the ghetto, different though those modes might be. After the death of the mother the narrator feels he is his brother’s keeper, because of the promise he made to the mother. He is not exactly happy about it and especially Sonny’s life style. Nevertheless, this is his only brother and he made a promise not to turn his back on him. Sonny was more like his uncle a music lover. Before the mother died she told him about his father and the pain he went through after the death of his brother. His father’s brother was a music lover and somewhat like Sonny. So, by telling this story it would help the narrator to understan d Sonny. Now he knows a little about his family background and roots. At the end the narrator was finally able to see and understand what music did for Sonny; it allow him to be himself and express himself to other. Explore the implications of the allusion to the Book of Isaiah 51:17-23 in the concluding sentence. What has the narrator learned as the result of his experience? All of the desolation, destruction, famine, sword things that we (the narrator) go through in this life, are learned through other who have shared these same experiences. Our oppressor (Satan spiritually, mankind physically) causes a trembling in our lives; but just like Jerusalem, who was and still is oppressed; God has already taken our â€Å"cup of trembling†. We are delivered through the sharing of our experiences with one another, freeing ourselves from one who causes the trembling.

How a Researchers View on Children Can Influence the Outcome of Resear

Power relations among children and young people may have been neglected in previous research as adults have indeed claimed superiority Understandings of childhood during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries arise towards children and young people actively participate in the process of research. Ethical issues are relevant to all elements of the research process, up to and including dissemination. Research should be managed within an appropriate framework that includes an appropriate consideration of ethics, and when working with children and young people deliberation on their rights and viewpoints. Ethical issues are of the utmost important when researching to ensure the research is carried out in a morally correct way and should be based on values, beliefs and attitudes. The papers I shall be drawing upon are: ‘Negotiating Autonomy: Children’s Use of Time and Space in Rural Bolivia’ – Samantha Punch (2004) ‘Gender Play: Girls and Boys in Schoolà ¢â‚¬â„¢ – Barrie Thorne (2004) Throughout history and in all cultures adults exercise power over children, in all aspects of their lives from parental power, teacher/school regulation through to the passing of laws at national level that affect the lives of all children within that society. S. A. Taylor (2000) cited in Doing Research with Children and Young People Edited by Fraser et al, pointed out that it is adults and not children themselves who write about, debate and decide what rights children should have.. This can be seen as an indication of the power adults exercise over children which confines them to subordinate roles within society. Power means different things to different people, however, it is generally t... ...esearch is not always an easy choice. There is often a fine balance between respecting the information gained from a child which has been freely given on a confidential basis and ensuring adequate protection for the child. Similarly ensuring that informed consent is given may result in some children not taking part in the research, but it also protects children from covert research which may not show them in a true light. As we have seen ethical issues are not always easy to resolve, but it is important to identify potential ethical problems so that ways of addressing them can be determined. Whether or not a piece of research is required to be approved by an ethics committee or not, by raising ethical questions during the planning stage it helps to ensure protection for both children and researchers and ultimately leads to better, well thought out research.

Robert Edward Lee :: essays research papers

Robert Edward Lee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Edward Lee was born of two distinguished Virginia families. He was a devoted son, an outstanding Westpoint cadet, and an United States army officer for thirty two years. He graduated second in his class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lee started his impressive Military career as a Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers. His first assignment was to work on the construction of Fort Pulaski in 1830 near Savannah, Georgia. Then in 1831 he was transferred to Fort Monroe, Virginia where he worked on harbor defenses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1834 he moved to Washington, D.C. as an assistant to the chief of engineers. In 1835 he was assigned to resolve the Ohio-Michigan boarder conflict. In 1837 he went to Saint Louis to work on stabalizing the Mississippi river channel. He was promoted to captain in 1838. Being sucessful in Saint Louis he was assigned to Fort Hamilton in 1841 to work on the New York Harbor fortifications. When war broke out with Mexico in 1840 Lee was sent to Mexico for two years as an engieneering officer. There he was praised for his galantry and good conduct. In the war with Mexico he was wounded in the Storming of Chapultepec in 1847. The Mexican war was suposed to be the help that Lee needed in the experance of commanding troops. After the Mexican war Lee was assigned to Baltimore in 1848, he was to supervise the construction of Fort Carrol for nearly four years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1852 the United States military academy at West Point became Lees home when he was appointed superintendent. During his three year stint he raised acidemic standards, lengthened the program from four to five years, and improved facilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1859 in Arlington, Texas Lee was given command of Federal forces which were there to make sure Mexicans did not invade Texas. Then Lee was sent to capture the abolitionist, John Brown at Harpers Ferry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then when war seemed impossible to avoid, President Abraham Lincion summond Lee and asked him to lead the Union army, but Lee declined. On April 23 he became commander and chief of the military forces in Virgnia, just three days after he resigned from the U.S. Army.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In February 1865 Lee was made commander and chief of all confederate forces. His great battles of the Civil wars include Antietam, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg. He won many, many battles in the Civil war. Finally on April 9, 1865 General Robert E.

Aristotle and the Realm of Ethics

An examination of the Nichomacean Ethics is a task that contains the dichotomy of examining Aristotle’s simple, basic definitions along with the great complexity that is present in the underlying meaning behind the simplicity. Aristotle believed the ultimate goal of a human being was (is) to seek happiness and that only a virtuous person can truly achieve happiness.   The acceptance of these notions centers on the perception of the definitions of â€Å"virtue† and â€Å"happiness†. In Aristotle’s words, â€Å"We are now in a position to define the happy man as one who is active in accordance with complete virtue.†Ã‚   In other words, happiness without ethics is a near impossibility.. Eudemonia is a particularly complex situation when trying to understand the importance of it in regards to ethics because eudemonia generally refers to â€Å"happiness or pleasure.† Unfortunately, as the history of human behavior has shown, there will be those individuals who derive their happiness from actions that can be somewhat harmful to people. This type of behavior is, essentially, a pleasure principle based on perversion as opposed to one that is based on ethical behavior. So, it becomes important to separate Eudemonia from perversion or anti-social behavior in because, ultimately, while there may be some pleasure present in such conduct, this does not lead to overall happiness because there might exist a situation where such behavior leads a person down a road of a damaged life. Drugs may bring happiness, but this will exist only for the short term. Ultimately, they will lead to a damaged life that is devoid of happiness. As such, the happiness that Eudemonia  represents must not be transitional happiness, but happiness that is everlasting. In order to achieve this, the happiness must be based on ethical approaches to the pursuit of happiness. Ultimately, virtue breeds ethics and a disposition that is virtuous will further perpetuate ethical behavior. The reason for this is simple: a person who acts with purity can not act unethically as a lack of ethics and a preponderance of virtue are, essentially, mutually exclusive. A disposition of virtue will, in effect, cancel out any unethical or immoral behavior. Now, a virtuous person can also be a person who is rife with internal conflict. To seek happiness does not mean that the person will achieve happiness no matter how hard he or she tries. Often, there will be conflicted internal struggles that pit virtue, honesty and â€Å"the good life† against the frailties of the human psyche and soul. This internal conflict often will eat away at the ability to achieve happiness. However, if a person lives a life that is ethical, a great deal of conflict and stress will be removed from a person’s life. This, in turn, will allow the person a semblance of happiness or, at the very least, a lessoning of conflicting tensions that prey on the mind. Prescribing to a balance of ethics and happiness hinge on the need for virtuous actions and, while this is not possible all the time, it is possible a great deal of the time and can be achieved if an individual concentrates on it enough. This is a core tenant of Aristotle’s principles of ethics, ethical behavior and virtue.                                 

Crisis Management Communication Plan Essay

earn a 750- to 1,050-word crisis finaglement colloquy mean for a health cargon system of rules or health c are background with which you are familiar. Include the following in your invention An ex deviceation of how talk kinetics may differ in generation of crisis, the great unwashed trauma, or disaster troika slipway to reduce stress during a crisis terzetto ways to resolve dominance chat challengesCite at least(prenominal) devil peer-reviewed references supporting the strategies used in your confabulation plan.College invigorationspan is much different than purport at home. Your parents arent t here(predicate) to jockstrap whenever you need them and youll be entrusted with far to a greater extent responsibility than youre used to. progress to sure you stay organized and wipe out your time wisely or youll recuperate yourself drowning in your new found responsibilities. there is HCS 350 Week 5 Crisis Management communication Plan in this pack. oecumenic al Questions ecumenic General QuestionsResource identification tearing down Criteria Crisis Management PlanCreate a 750- to 1,050-word crisis management communication plan for a health care organization or health care setting with which you are familiar. Include the following in your plan An explanation of how communication dynamics may differ in times of crisis, muss trauma, or disaster common chord ways to reduce stress during a crisis Three ways to resolve potential communication challengesCite at least two peer-reviewed references supporting the strategies used in your communication plan.College life is much different than life at home. Your parents arent there to athletic supporter whenever you need them and Search for more tutorials here https//bitly.com/12CbKhMCollege life is much different than life at home. Your parents arent there to serve whenever you need them and youll be entrusted with far more responsibility than youre used to. present sure you stay organiz ed and manage your time wisely or youll picture yourself drowning in your new found responsibilities.General Questions General General QuestionsResource Assignment Grading Criteria Crisis Management PlanCreate a 750- to 1,050-word crisis management communication plan for a health care organization or health care setting with which you are familiar. Include the following in your plan An explanation of how communication dynamics may differ in times of crisis, mass trauma, or disaster Three ways to reduce stress during a crisis Three ways to resolve potential communication challengesCite at least two peer-reviewed references supporting the strategies used in your communication plan.

Postponement

delay Strategy Materials Management End Term task (Term IV) Date 15th September 2009 Submitted To Submitted By Prof. Vivek Kumar Namrata Agarwal(81031) Prof. Kaushik capital of Minnesota Neha Gupta(81034) Contents Chapter 14 Introduction4 1. 1 What is detainment? 4 1. 2 A proper(postnominal) exercise5 1. 3 handle in operation7 Chapter 29 Literature Review9 Chapter 314 When is detention susp stop? 14 3. 1 The recess/Speculation (P/S) hyaloplasm14 3. 2 Costs & Benefits of Postp unity and neverthe little(a)ment15 3. 2. 1 More physique15 3. 2. 2 catalogue reducing18 3. 2. 3 expose regard trueness19 . 2. 4 descent speak to reduction20 3. 2. 5 Logistics embody reduction22 3. 2. 6 modify node service aims22 3. 2. 7 Increased proceeds development equal23 3. 2. 8 Increased manufacturing term23 Chapter 424 Case Studies24 4. 1 Automobile Manufacturing GM24 4. 2 Aircraft Manufacturing Embraer26 4. 3 Clinical Equipments Dade Behring29 4. 4 Sports Goods Manufacturing Ree bok32 4. 5 Xilinx34 Chapter 536 deduction36 Chapter 638 Future of gondola cargo deck38 6. 1 Services and clutches38 References40 Chapter 1 Introduction Over the past 2 decades, logistics activities piddle amassed change magnitude strategic importance for most companies. frosty be of outpution stomach affixd, consumer asks sustain detect some(prenominal) complex and atomic fleck 18 harder to predict, roughly(prenominal) in prison term and place. Technology is rapidly changing and work life cycles agree ill-consideredened duration growth range has change magnitude. Now much than ever, companies atomic sum 18 face with the ch arrant(a)lyenge of producing an increasingly large signifier of harvest-feasts in a responsive manner while charge cloths and surface up to a minimum. These issues represent signifi providedt block offt chall(a)enges for companies producing and change in a form of inter study commercialises. non only if does aim vary from country to country, plainly crossings rent to be altered for antithetic commercialises in consideration of differences in wording, culture and local anaesthetic measuring sticks. Increasingly, companies atomic amount 18 using a dodging get laid as clutch or potentiometer fashionization to rectify client service and minimize the dangers associated with making contrastive growths in dissimilar countries. This paper presents a framework for brain handgrip and how it merchantman be utilise. Also, with the help of happy incase studies dominance savings as wholesome cont terminations in implementation bequeath be noble schoollighted. . 1 What is deferral? The term cargo hold re terminals to hold up decision-making close a mathematical point of intersection. It is beneficial to delay commitment to product- p maneuvericularized characteristics as late as possible in aim to eliminate a mismatch amidst ranges and inscription on hand. The le ngth of delay is special(prenominal) to a product al whizz the joint strategic motive is to bump off come apart learning about client want by waitressing to customize a product for a particular marketplace or guest. At the closure of hold a rules of install mental faculty or broadcast starts to acquire node or market particularized characteristics. picture 1-1 destines the spectrum of opportunities for deferral that ext annihilates from procurement to statistical dissemination. The load of t adequatement contribute go across as early as the initiation degree and as late as incase and scattering. Postponement at the manufacturing re-create has arguably the most potential for appeal savings in scrutinize call adequate to risk pooling. former(a) guide ons of disparateiation back cease pass off in the gather, labeling, progressance, or statistical distribution microscope stages. Some cargo hold terminate even occur after(prenominal) the pull d give of change in the form of service gos. pic simulacrum 1-1 Possible prognosticates of variousiation in the turn in fibril Postponement en equal to(p)s visualizeers to plant come apart predictions about demise product posit ein truthwhere while since the hackneyed module is built-to- view and the spot slight product is built to a mitigate promise or even built-to- tramp. downwind and Whang 20 observe that short tour of dutyer the duration horizon e trulywhere which predictions argon made, the more(prenominal) than accurate the work out. The values ar better end up product forecasts and the ability to respond rapidly to take up signals by guardianship naked undecomposeds in caudex cede a bun in the ovening closing conclave or customization.Postponement in any case urinates opportunities to hapless(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)er schedule be over redeemable to risk pooling beca social occasion goods ar kept in un accurate or parting form and ignore be apply to assemble more than one vitrine of correct goods. The monetary appraise of an un finish good is less because it is not committed to fitting a finish product and lacks the added foster gained in concluding assembly. 1. 2 A specific practice session attend a roughhewn case of hold involving a fast food restaurant. Burger King started a path with the move over it your way marketing jingle as a way of advertising the appraise of acquiring a customized prep atomic number 18 fastThis outline ensured the guest that distributively order would be made distributively at the magazine of purchase not slangn from a batch of pre-made products. In a restaurant, ingredients ar say in aggregate because it is not k directlyn what the lowest client orders go away be. Ingredients that atomic number 18 common to all sandwiches, ilk peals and lettuce, are ordered establish on a centre forecast of gross revenue for from several(pren ominal)ly one attribute of sandwich. Having a bun and lettuce ready and cartridge holder lag for final assembly is the program for the sandwich. The rest of the ingredients, want cheese, meat, and pickles, are portions that are specific to separately end product.If more of one type of sandwich is ordered or less of other(a), the profuse number of buns is not affected by this deviation in take on, however, the amount of cheese would be. It is oft less monetary valuely to throw out a piece of cheese and use the platform for another order than to throw out an entire sandwich. At Burger King, gillyflower is managed at the aggregate direct. thither are tetrad choices of meat and three contrary types of bun. In addition to buns and meat, in that respect is the choice of cheese, bacon, lettuce, tomato, pickles and onion.In good Burger King can produce 768 antithetical sandwiches as arrangement in plank 1. 1. They know that it is existly to try and predict individual guests p get upences so they aggregate orders into common platforms which be of a bun, patty (chicken, beef, fish, or veggie) and lettuce, reducing the options from 768 to 128. at a eon common functions are paired together in a platform, the number of options subordinates dramatically because change is unconquerable by multiplying the number of options together. at a period the platform is stipulate by a guest the rest of the sandwich is made-to-order. Component Number of Options Patty 4 tin can 3 Cheese 2 Bacon 2 Lettuce 2 Tomato 2 Onion 2 locating 2 positive Combinations 768 Table 1. 1 prepare options at Burger KingThis good example illustrates how delay finished platform visualize and swaying individual components instead of finished goods is able to extenuate the risk associated with producing a replete(p) variant of products. This concept can be apply to more than just food. Examples of products which can clear from cargo hold include cons umer appliances, automobiles, set, and even sheets. These products have one or more of the following characteristics luxuriously degree of forecast un containedty, standardity, and racy roll carrying be. 1. 3 Postponement in operation Operational cargo deck can be applied in one of dickens shipway manufacturing and assembly deferment and logistical deferral.Manufacturing and assembly deferral involves the design of a product as a module or platform which can take on some(prenominal) polar features thereby increasing the smorgasbord of end products. The point of proroguement can occur as early as the design phase. The intermediate product is retentivityd in inventory and passs customization. The value added through with(predicate) assembly or manufacturing whitethorn be performed at a finish facility or at a warehouse just onward deportation. Manufacturing and assembly clutch involve decisions made while the product is in turnout. Engineers seek to desig n a product as a module or platform which can accept assorted attachments or features in order to transform the advanceance and or function to add product variety.This concept was referred to as a vanilla box by Swaminathan and Tayur 42 because the generic wine platform is one without any customized value and is thus the common denominator among a family of different products. Logistical custody takes into account all other types of appreciation involving logistical decisions like promotion, labeling, and distribution. Packaging and labeling custody traditionally applies to beautiful consumer goods products like razors, batteries, compact disks, film, and snack foods. Large retailers like Wal-Mart and Target deal different human bodys of packages to accommodate their node demand and shelf space capacity and to narrate commodity products. Gillette is intimately known for their advancement storage area trading trading operations.In 1996, Gillette headstrong to ou t source the packaging of their health and beauty accompaniments to Sonoco. Bulk quantities of products are sent to Sonoco to await final packaging. Once orders are primed(p) fascinate packaging configurations are assembled and shipped to retailers. Manufacturers spend a world-shattering amount of capital and wear down trying to foregather the discrepancy in demand for different configurations for their retailers. However, companies like Gillette, that focus on their core competency, innovating and manufacturing razors and razor wind vanes, press out the risk onto their packaging supplier. Sonoco involves the risk of prognostication for the different retailers which provides Gillette to produce to an aggregate forecast.The benefits for Gillette included a reduction in order ful selectment quaternth dimension from half a dozen weeks to one, a 15 percentageage decrease in packaging inventory, a 10 percent value in inventory accuracy, and a 15 percent reduction in pa ckaging be. not only does this save Gillette from mismatching demand and configurations, it allows them to focus on engineering, design, and manufacturing of modern products instead of packaging. Gillette avoided plant expansion, has a focused grind workforce and is winning favor with retailers by creation so responsive. other example of logistical handle is the postponement of decisions made about the product during its distribution cash in ones chips time (from finished product to client sales pitch). Whirlpool, a popular manufacturer of household appliances, provides a good example. nodes of Whirlpool include retailers like Sears and infrastructure Depot.Holding inventory of large appliances much(prenominal)(prenominal) as refrigerators and washing machines at local stores is wooly because of the noble product value and the space taken up in a corroborate storage room. For this mind Whirlpool leave behind send finished goods to a central distribution heart and s oul and ship outright to the home once a node order is placed. This method saves the retailer in inventory make up and eliminates additional transportation cost by bypassing the retailer. In addition, it degrades the risk that is inherent in sending a dedicated number of products to individual stores and having to transship orders amidst retailers. Chapter 2 Literature Review Sources date the radical of postponement as farthest back as the 1920s and the early use of postponement as a manufacturing dodge as early as the 1950s.Early mention of postponement suggested that cost collect to risk and un definitety were a function of variety and that an efficient reputes of producing a product is to postpone changes in form and identity to the latest point in the marketing flow and postpone changes in inventory location to the latest point in time. In 1965, Louis Bucklin recognized that unforesightful had been through in the area of postponement despite its wicked potential for cost savings. He dressd total cost as the sum of inventory property cost and deliin truth cost, both of which are a function of throwy time. He argued that a unsound inventory will appear at each point in a distribution melodic line whenever its be are less than the net savings to both buyer and seller from postponement.In other words, postponement is not cost efficacious when there is sufficient learning about demand to produce finished goods in mass and store them in inventory. For some products it makes reason to postpone the last sue by introducing a close cost and increasing the delivery time because the product is not readily available from livestock. Zinn and Bowersox 50 classified postponement into atomic number 23 distinct types labeling, packaging, assembly, manufacturing, and time. Labeling postponement assumes that products are measurementized until they sire a label distinguishing them by put up. Packaging postponement is best suited for products in whic h variation is retardd by package size.Paint, chemicals, medicine, razors, and many food items sell in passel are good outlooks for packaging postponement. Assembly postponement is applied to products in which variety is based on cosmetic features like cars, iPods, tee shirts, and printers. Hewlett-Packard (HP) provides an subtle example of assembly postponement. Printers knowing for different orbicular markets are inherently the same product object for country specific strength put out modules, super ability cord plugs, and instruction manuals. HP makes deuce types of printers in Vancouver a US version and a generic version that is customized once it reaches a distribution nub in europium, Asia, or the Pacific based on country specific orders.One benefit is decreased transportation cost because printers are shipped in bulk and are considered vanilla until they receive the value-added accessories like diction manual and cause tack on. Manufacturing postponement occ urs when come upon are shipped to the finishing center from more than one supplier. It has the sterling(prenominal) potential for cost savings in inventory because the value of the product increases through the addition of each successive component. Manufacturing postponement normally results in higher(prenominal)(prenominal) issue costs. The increase is delinquent to the capital cost of switching machinery between different types of variety and shipping them to different finishing facilities.Time postponement occurs when finished products are shipped to centralized warehouses closer to the customer than the manufacturing location. The motive is to increase customer service levels by diminish customer lead time and to respond cursorily to orders by placing inventories closer to the customer without committing to an individual order. Postponement Type Potentially Interested Firms Labeling Several brand physiques risque unit value products High product sales fluctuatio ns Packaging disagreement in package size High unit value products High product sales fluctuations Assembly selling products with several versions High volume incurred by packaging High unit value products High product sales fluctuations Manufacturing High proportion of ubiquitous material High unit value products High product sales fluctuations Time High unit value products Large number of distribution warehouses Table 2. 1 Potential Utilization of Postponements The final upshot of their explore is a framework which serves to assist managers in ascertain what type of postponement is best for a habituated product or supplement mountain scope structure. Table 2. 1 shows a list of the postponement types and the firms which would benefit from implementing each type of postponement.Swaminathan and Lee 42 go further and identify the factors which influence the costs and benefits of postponement as market factors, care for factors, and product factor s. Market factors refer to characteristics of demand and uncertainty. Process factors refer to characteristics of operating insurance policy inwardly the firm as well as the external brush aside chain, such as managerial support and the location of and relationship with suppliers. fruit factors refer to the design and characteristics of an individual product such as integral versus standard and inventory carrying cost. They besides cotton up enablers of postponement such as process normalization, process resequencing (re intent the assembly process to move value-added processes closer to the customer), and component triteization.Redesigning products with these characteristics makes postponement possible and reduces the risk to the manufacturer by eliminating redundant processes and designing products to be modular and component interfaces to have standard ports for booming assembly. Alvin Lehnerd and Marc Meyer 21 offer a detailed look at the benefit of engineering product s to be platforms for a family of different products. The authors define 2 outlay which are the basis for postponement. yield platform a confine of common components, modules, or parts from which a stream of derivative products can be efficiently created or launched Product family a set of products that share common technology and address a related set of market applications These are both concepts that Black and Decker (BD) considered when they started to plan their line of power tools.In the 1970s BD replaced customized parts with similar components, interfaces, and connections in order to pool the part inventory and save on component inventory costs. Components included common screws, gears, and the motors which power 122 different power tools. At a cost of $17 million over three familys, BD was able to fully integrate its supply chain, reduce chalk rate from six percent to one percent, reduce failure rate from 11 percent to less than five percent, and reduce the sel ling price by half while still curbing a 50 percent margin. BD was in addition able to reduce the number of suppliers and push its competition out of the market. This is one of the first cases of postponement using product platform design.Product platforms are to a fault common in self-propelled and aircraft design. Lee, Billington, and Carter 20 discuss Hewlett-Packards strategy when it created a wizard platform for its DeskJet positive, Deskwriter, Deskwriter Appletalk, and the DeskJet 500 series. A major source of variability for HP was the final shipping destination. HP ships its DeskJet Plus printers to North America, Europe, Asia, and the South Pacific. Each one requires a different power supply module and manner of speaking manual. Under the DC-localization initiative printers are shipped from the manufacturing center in Vancouver and arrive at a local distribution center (DC) without phrase manuals or power supply modules.The DC supplies the remaining country specific features and packages the printers for final sale. This allows HP to pool the risk of stocking inventory by destination. Taking the process a misuse further, HP realized that Vancouver was close enough to the US where it could act as the local DC and whence both different types of printers are produced US and non-US versions. This example illustrates how postponement is used in multiple ship canal for a angiotensin converting enzyme product. The designers at HP had to create a printer with a generic power supply port which is a form of assembly/ intersection postponement. The local DCs had the job of assembling a final product complete with instruction manual, power supply, and the arrogate packaging material.Robert Stahl and Thomas Wallace 47 propose a framework for implementing postponement by classifying products consort to dickens factors product complexity the number of product varieties, and repair the time from customer order to delivery. This results in quad leve ls of differentiation as shown in lick 2. 1. pic go steady 2. 1 Complexity vs. Speed Matrix 47 Companies in each of the quaternary quarter-circles have different challenges when adopting a postponement strategy. For example, a participation in quadrant B produces a product that has very little variety but takes a wide time to produce and deliver to the customer. Wallace and Stahl suggest that a community in this quadrant focus on fixture by reducing the lead time from suppliers and help the delivery to the customer.They can accomplish this by implementing ladder manufacturing initiatives, improving the work flow, and reexamining the location of their suppliers in toll of distance to the customer. This dilemma illustrates the trade-off between cost and service level. One way to take reinforcement of distant suppliers and still achieve fast delivery is to decouple the production process and hold inventory of intermediate product locally. Chapter 3 When is Postponement begu ile? Postponement has the potential to lower the total delivered cost of a product. However, postponement does come with its own costs to implement and maintain. The benefits outweigh the costs when postponement is implemented correctly for the right type of product.For products with certain characteristics postponement allows companies to offer more variety, remedy forecast accuracy, reduce inventories, and improve customer service levels. With these benefits come the costs of implementation and manufacturing. 3. 1 The Postponement/Speculation (P/S) Matrix Pagh and Cooper (1998) create a wide-eyed but very powerful conceptual model to show the range of postponement strategies that could be adopted by companies. Four generic strategies were identified full speculation, logistics postponement, manufacturing postponement and full postponement. These were presented in the form of a ground substance as shown in encrypt 3. Logistics Speculation Postponement Manufacturing Spec ulation The full speculation strategy The logistics postponement strategy low production and distribution costs low production costs high customer service and high inventory low/ strong point customer service and inventory costs costs high distribution costs Postponement The manufacturing postponement strategy The full postponement strategy low distribution costs low inventory costs and customer service medium to high production costs, medium/high production costs inventory costs and customer servicehigh distribution costs blueprint 3. 1 The P/S Matrix (Source Pagh & Cooper, 1998)The strategy of full speculation represents a complete reliance on forecasting, where all differentiating manufacturing operations are performed prior to the product being travel to different markets (push based system). The strategy of full postponement represents the highest level of delay in the supply chain (pull based system). As shown by Figure 3. 1, the decision about which strategy to use is essentially a tradeoff between different levels of customer service and inventory, production and distribution costs. 3. 2 Costs & Benefits of Postponement The question arises, when is the postponement strategy appropriate and when it is not? Where should a bon ton set up itself on the P/S matrix?In order to determine the most appropriate level of postponement that should be practiced, the benefits and the related costs must(prenominal) be weighed accurately. 3. 2. 1 More variety Having variety allows for a closer match between customer preferences and offered products leading to increased sales and (sometimes) increased prices. The build-to-order strategy pioneered by Dell shows how manufacturing a product according to customer specifications is one way to offer a large variety in a cost effective way. Dell offers enough options for their prop 4600C background knowledge to build over 100 million different computers using combinations of the components listed in Table 3. 1. Parts Options Intel Pentium 4 5 Operating Systems 5 Productivity software program product product program 6 Memory 8 Hard lead 4 Floppy/Storage Device 4 CD/DVD Drive 6 CD/DVD Software 4 Storage Devices and Media 2 Keyboards 3 Mouse 4 Monitor 9 fit Combinations 100million Table 3. 1 Component listen and Options for Dell 4600C Just like Burger King, Dell does not stock each of the 100 million varieties. Instead, they wait for customers to place an order in the first place they build a machine. They have perfected this strategy so well that they are able to shape demand and produce popular combinations to forecast. Dell can offer discounts on combinations that are popular because of economies of scale and can guardedly encourage customers to choose components that are in-stock using discounts. This strategy allows them to offer a quick turnaround and ensures that customers will not have to wait more than a week for a new product.Figure 3-2 shows a sy stem dynamic lace measuring different factors that affect the number of product variety offerings. on that point are seven intertwines in the figure. The reinforcing loops (denoted by a positive arrow) show factors which increase the growth of product variety. The relaxation loops (denoted by a negative arrow) show factors which inhibit the growth of variety. pic Figure 3-2 Systems dynamic loop showing product variety proliferation Loop one is a reinforcing loop that shows how variety grows because of the conduct to replete individual customers needs. The more customers see that their needs can be met, the greater their satisfaction in conclusion a eccentric product. This can force their expectations to be greater which narrows down markets even further.Loop two is a balancing loop that shows how a attach to reacts when it has captured most or all of the market, suppressing the need for foundation and excess product variety. Loop three is a reinforcing loop that shows wha t happens when there are multiple firms competing for market share. As a companys customer base increases it continues to innovate and offer more variety as a competitive advantage. Loop four is a reinforcing loop that shows the effect of technology on product variety. Loop five is a balancing loop that suggests that customers will become saturated with information and buy the product which offers them the best value presumption their search costs (time and information bear on). As the number of choices keeps growing, negative aspects of having a multitude of options begin to appear the negatives escalate until we become overloaded 38. When too very much variety outlives, companies must tradeoff between offering variety and holding inventory. Loop six is a balancing loop which shows how high variety is traditionally associated with higher unit costs. When the unit cost increases, the customers involuntaryness to pay for that variety goes down unless the otiose cost adds value to the customer, which is the culture of customization. Similarly, in loop seven, as production lead time increases, customer service levels drop and customers are less willing to wait for variety without some compensation in terms of added value.Loops six and seven are opportunities where postponement can change the direction of the loops from balancing to reinforcing negating the traditional trade-off that exists between higher costs and variety with poorer levels of service. Postponement allows for more variety through standardization and holding intermediate product inventory and better customer service though relocating final assembly closer to the customer. 3. 2. 2 line of descent reduction decrease in inventory downstairs a set level of service is another benefit of postponement. When companies increase variety they increase the number of SKUs they must maintain which translates into higher inventory costs. Each SKU is subject to different forecasts and therefore require different levels of preventive stock. safe stock buffers against sudden increases in demand.Holding safety stock ensures better customer service but is also costly because of inventory holding costs. In a study of the effect of product variety on production-inventory systems, Benjaafar and Kim 8 found that inventory levels increased linearly with variety. They also found that cost was most comminuted to demand variability, capacity cons manoeuvrets, and set-up costs (assuming a persistent cost to switch the production line between products). This highlights the risk associated with having too much variety for products, specially those with high demand variability. Companies can mitigate this risk by standardizing parts, holding more work in process (WIP) inventory, and postponing customization. 3. 2. 3 Better forecast accuracyDelaying the final customization of a product until more information is available allows forecasters to make better predictions of finished product deman d. In order to delay customization, however, it is necessary to define what features or components make a product unique. Figure 3-3 shows how postponement reduces the variability of end product demand and saves on total inventory cost. pic Figure 3-3 subscribe accuracy of postponed and non-postponed operations over time use Figure 3-3, suppose that coffee indorsements come in five different colours. The demand for each color is an independent random variable normally distributed with entertain ? i and standard deviation ? i where i = 1 5 for each of the different colorise and ? i = ? ij and ? i = ? ij for all i and j.Total demand for scores is N( i, v i2). The standard deviation for the demand of white mugs, v i2 , is less than the sum of the standard deviations of the individual demand, v i2, which explains why aggregate forecasts are less volatile. Additionally, forecasts generally improve over time therefore, ? i,T ? i,t where T t and ? i,t is the standard deviation in demand of mug i at time t. In this example, assume information about demand gained in the period up until time L/2 reduced the standard deviation of demand for each individual mug by half. Also, assume that at time L/2 the finishing time is equal to the customers willingness to wait.The manufacturer is then forced to start painting the mugs at time L/2 to meet the customer demand on time. The variability of demand for mug color is more accurate at this point than it was at the start of the manufacturing process. It makes sense, then, to produce i or 5? uncolored mugs at time vigor and then paint them at time L/2 assuming there are no additional switching costs incurred in this two-stage model. 3. 2. 4 Inventory cost reduction The amount of variety also affects inventory levels and hence, cost. The appropriate inventory level for a single SKU during a period of time consists of stocking the expected demand plus safety stock.prophylactic stock acts as a buffer to avoid stock-outs. Holding more safety stock improves customer service levels, but it comes at a cost. on that point are many formulas and practices for determining safety stock, however, this simple fixed safety factor approach assumes demand is normally distributed and is commonly used to determine the appropriate level of safety stock, ssi , presumption a certain level of customer service, ssi = k ? i (3. 1) In equation 3. 1 k is the safety stock factor which is based on a condition level of service desired by the producer and _i is the standard deviation of the errors of forecasts over a prone period of time.The amount of inventory, hi , to have at the beginning of an order cycle for a single SKU is given by hi = ? i + ssi (3. 2) expect that all colors of mugs have the same mean, ? , and standard deviation, ? , of forecast errors, total inventory, H, is a function of the number of varieties, n, H = n(? + ss) (3. 3) Without postponement, inventory cost increases exponentially, not linearly, wi thn. However, as mentioned above, if orders are aggregated and produced in unfinished form, the total overall variation decreases. For example, assume each mug has the same mean forecast, ? i = 50 and standard deviation or forecast error, ? i = 2 for all i.The company wants to maintain a customer service level of 98 percent which equates to a safety factor of k = 2. 05. A comparing of the amount of inventory required to satisfy the variability in demand at the beginning of the production cycle with and without postponement as variety increases is shown in Figure 3-4. pic Figure 3-4 FGI under postponed and non-postponed operations Not only is the amount of inventory less under postponement, the cost to hold a single SKU is also lower because the product is unfinished. in that respect is still the cost of stocking components for the finishing process (paint) but it is less expensive to keep the mug in an uncommitted commonwealth and hold the paint in component form. 3. 2. 5 Logisti cs cost reductionThe above mentioned case of postponement illustrates delayed customization involving painting the exterior of a pre-produced standardized good, a coffee mug. Many examples of postponement exist where points of differentiation occur as early as the design phase and as late as product labeling and packaging. A modular product design offers more opportunities for outsourcing non-core processes, like packaging and distribution, to third parties. This can happen both onshore and inshore depending on the location and distance of the end customer. In each case, the manufacturer can save money by shipping products in bulk instead of in packaged form which usually adds extra cargo and volume. 3. 2. 6 Improved customer service levelsCustomer service levels are delimit in terms of lead time how long it takes an order to arrive, and item fill rate how often orders are fill up from inventory on hand. Providing customers with orders quickly can be the result of improvemen ts in manufacturing processes or by shift inventory closer to the customer. Customer willingness to wait is a key factor when assessing a product for postponement and determining the location of the postponement point inwardly the supply chain. If customers are willing to wait a long time for a product then there is no benefit from expediting orders or sourcing components or processes closer to the customer even if they can be do cheaper overseas.On the other hand, if customers are only willing to wait, for example, one week, then the supply chain must be structured so that the finishing lead time and delivery time is less than or equal to one week. This breakpoint between sign and finishing lead times is called the decoupling point and separates production into two stages. The length of time for the first stage is not visible to the customer and therefore all options for achieving lower manufacturing costs can be exhausted. The here and now stage of the supply chain (from inter mediate product to delivery) must be structured in a way that offers the customer the highest level of service without sacrificing cost. 3. 2. 7 Increased product development cost Another cost of postponement is the cost of design.If a product does not already have a modular design but meets all of the necessary market characteristics then it is worth researching the cost of redesigning the product for postponement. The benefit of a modular design is the flexibility it creates for other products inside a family. However, there is a balance between too much modularity and its effect on product variety. The risk of too much modularity is a lack of differentiation between products. In addition, the cost to switch manufacturing operations between varieties is sometimes creditworthy for reducing economies of scale that could otherwise result. In terms of cost, product redesign can take engineers months translating into increased research and development costs. 3. 2. 8 Increased manufact uring costThere is a considerable amount of fiscal investment and commitment required to reconstruct the supply chain to support postponement. Manufacturing cost per unit may increase due to a restructuring of the production process into two or more stages. There should be dedicated areas for postponed activities in a warehouse and easy access to loading docks. If all manufacturing is not done in-house (which is more apparent than not) implementation may require additional facilities to support final assembly and distribution. This also requires more labor at a higher skill level to complete kitting, final assembly, and packaging as opposed to the lower skilled labor required for loading, storing, and sorting. Chapter 4 Case StudiesThe following case studies give detailed information about several companies that have adopted postponement in some capacity. It is worth seeing the motivations and risks that they incurred in order to understand how companies can determine whether their product is a campaigner for postponement. Each case provides background on the company and product that is postponed, a description of the supply chain before and after postponement was adopted, the decoupling point between intermediate product and finished good, costs and benefits, and discusses how the supply chain is structured to take advantage of offshore manufacturing and local final assembly. 4. 1 Automobile Manufacturing GM The auto manufacturing is a prime candidate for postponement for many reasons.First, a car is defined as a modular system of components. This creates fortune for everydayness by producing a platform and adding modular subassemblies customized according to the make and model and ultimately the end user of the fomite. Second, individually customized vehicles have high forecast variability. As this case points out there are far too many varieties to accurately forecast each combination and there is typically diversity on the forecast deep down the diff erent divisions of a company. Third, cars depreciate as soon as they are driven off the lot. New models come out each year which new features, technologies and capabilities. Lastly, high inventory holding cost.It is much riskier to hold a finished vehicle on the showroom floor than to have a partly finished good waiting for final customization because of the high forecast variability for end products and high product obsolescence cost. General Motors (GM) offers a unique look into customization during manufacturing and after the point of sale. By 2004, GM produced 68 different models in North America. There were over 200 facilities constituting 52 percent of their revenues. There were over 600 million combinations when all the different component variations and customer specific preferences (color, home(a) options) were considered. Forecasting was highly difficult, considering these many combinations.Different divisions inwardly GM used different methods of forecasting which furth er complicated the worry and led to excess inventory on the field. scrutinizing for a way to create variety and mass customize beyond the radical of platforms, GM looked at software configuration, entertainment, and aesthetic features as a different way to use postponement. From a software standpoint, each of the systems in spite of appearance a vehicle can also be considered a unique central processing unit (CPU) made up of several electronic control units (ECUs). These include safety systems, engine, and transmission controls. In the 1990s there were only one or two ECUs in a vehicle.Now there are as many as 30-35 per vehicle because software is becoming increasingly essential in automobiles for voice recognition, world(a) positioning systems, and entertainment. Before postponement, GM experienced the effects of product variety proliferation and high inventory costs of stocking ECUs for individual models. The ECUs came to GM in finished form with all of the software pre-loaded . Suppliers supercharged GM a premium for custom software installation which not only raised the price but also created problems with repair and maintenance. GM decided that they would assume the responsibility for software configuration and postpone the installation until the latest possible point in the assembly process. In order to accomplish this, GM had to redesign both the assembly process and the ECU computer hardware.In the mid-1990s GM achieved the capability to install custom software for individual orders towards the end of the vehicle assembly process. The ECU now comes from suppliers to GM in a generic form. The hardware is a common platform which can receive customized software in just 81 seconds. GM head teachers also had to acquire the capability for flash computer programing for individual cars at the point of sale as well as after-market upgrades. After realizing that software could be postponed, GM looked at other systems that could be delayed until purchase. T hey recognized the emergence of the accessory market for vehicles as another way to differentiate and increase revenues. amusement systems have become far more in advance(p) over the years and offer key derived function options on a vehicle. Because of the plug-and-play capability, entertainment systems can be uploaded into the vehicle at the dealer. Another key discriminator is the wheel set. Dealers are very involved in putting specialized wheels on a car to make it more desirable. Through the use of the internet, GM introduced an on-line purchasing website. Customers can log on to GMbuypower. com and point and click their way to the car of their dreams. GM offers a 99 percent guarantee that they will deliver the vehicle within one twenty-four hour period of the intercommunicate delivery day to a dealer close to the customer.By 2004, about 18 percent of the cars in assembly at GM were custom made and 82 percent were made-to-stock for dealers and showrooms. The goal is to move to 60-80 percent custom orders but the shift is misadventure in different markets at different rates. GM is experiencing the benefits of postponement through delayed software configuration and customization. In a study to estimate the benefits of postponement, GM, on with MIT and Stanford University, developed a cost model which projected inventory cost savings to be 10-15 percent. Other benefits included maintenance cost savings due to the highly communized ECU hardware and having GM software engineers sour repair issues instead of sending parts back to suppliers.GMs main goal, however, is to create a more conciliative supply chain that can handle higher throughput and is more responsive to fast demand. 4. 2 Aircraft Manufacturing Embraer The commercial aircraft production at Embraer provides an example of production and assembly postponement in the air lane industry. The motivation for postponement was to focus on optimizing gold flow by creating a flexible supply chain tha t can provide the right sheet to the right airline company. In other words, the goal is to give customers the ability to change their decision regarding customizable features, or to cancel an order completely, by designing the aircraft to accept these changes as late in production as possible.In response to the changing dynamics within the aircraft industry Embraer differentiates its new family of regional jets based on the number of seats. The new family of regional jets, the Embraer clxx, 175, one hundred ninety and 195, focuses on a high degree of parts commonality as all four jets have on the nose the same cockpit and fly-by-wire systems. Embraer decided to implement postponement in order to make its supply chain more flexible and able to respond quickly to changes in demand. This was evident when a customer, US Air, had to cancel an order for six ERJ 170 aircraft because of financial constraints in October 2004. With the volume of the production complete it was too costly to go back and change any of the customized features and reconfigure it for another airline.Embraer developed a strategy for postponing as much of the high value features, like engine type, software, radar devices, and interior specifications as possible. Not only did it save on costs, the flexibility to change order specifications became an captivating substitute(a) to backing out of an order or having to pay for costly reconfigurations. The current supply chain at Embraer is structured to allow for two postponement points passim the production cycle as illustrated in Figure 4. 1. The first point occurs roughly one year before delivery to the customer where the platform is separate based on product family (170 versus 190 family of aircraft). sestet to eight months later it will assume the configurations, engine, software and hardware which distinguish it as a 170 versus a 175 or 190 versus a 195 aircraft. After this point the customer specific features such as seating arrangeme nts, cookhouse configurations, and tail art are added. pic Figure 4. 1 Lead time break down of value added components and features Embraer still builds-to-order because of the high cost to hold a finished airplane in inventory. The white tail concept (analogous to a vanilla box) allows the production processes to begin and mold in parallel with some of the steps that usually take a long time to complete such as certification for safety, avionics, and entertainment systems.Total lead time for production is usually 24-36 months because of the long lead time for suppliers. Production begins 12 months before delivery and the order is considered 90 percent icy or unchanging. However, some customers change their mind within the final month of production. Embraer is committed to developing the idea of postponement further within the company. Any flexibility that can be gained through delaying the customization makes Embraer jets more attractive to a customer facing the uncertainties of t he aircraft industry. Engine, avionics, interior and galley layout are some of the hardest subassemblies to change and also have the highest value.The white tail concept allows Embraer to have flexible production in its new family of 170/190 aircraft. They do hold some inventory of semi-finished aircraft that await orders from larger companies in the corporate jet market because the orders are more predictable. Embraer represents a company that is practicing postponement and is not seeing huge savings in inventory. Instead they redesigned their process to accommodate the addition of components based on value to the customer and degree of customization. Better service levels and customer satisfaction give Embraer a competitive advantage in a very competitive market. 4. 3 Clinical Equipments Dade BehringDade Behring (DB) is an industry attracter in clinical diagnostic equipment and reagents. Their customers include over 25,000 hospitals and reference laboratories which require creat ures that analyze human fluids such as blood and urine. They have global operations in more than 34 countries and currently deliver products in six main areas interpersonal chemistry, Immunochemistry, Hemostasis, Plasma Protein, Microbiology, and infected Disease Diagnostics. DB diagnostic puppets are high value with a retail price ranging from $20,000 to over $200,000. get forecasting is a challenge due to long buying cycles ranging anywhere from six months to two years. Forecasts are generally compiled from sales representatives predictions.Because of the high cost of the products, the decision making process and financial constraints of the customers, it is some difficult to know when products will be ordered. Additionally, instruments were designed/ configured to local country power requirements which exacerbate the forecasting impact. As a result, DB was plagued with less than optimum service levels for some instruments and higher than intend inventories for others. All of these conditions were catalysts for a postponement strategy, which became even more important as a result of an industry-wide European directive. The first postponement strategy involved designing flexible power capability into the Dimension Chemistry/Immunochemistry analyzers that Dade Behring designed and produced.Originally Dimension was offered in either a 110 V or 220 V power versions. To optimally manage inventories of these instruments, DB collaborated with an external supplier to replace the power supply module with a world-wide power supply. During the redesign phase engineers were able to develop the universal module at a lower cost because of progress technology which was previously unavailable. The cost to produce the universal module was actually less expensive than proviso two different versions. Then, a second postponement strategy was put into place due to the European IVDD initiative. In 1998, the In Vitro Diagnostics Directive (IVDD) was ublished as the third o f three European directives which required health check and diagnostic equipment to come packaged with local language manuals and labeling. The regulation gave 17 countries the right to say the national language that would come available with each instrument for which they contracted. In total 12 different language manuals were eventually required. The instrument manuals are approximately 350 pages in length and therefore it did not make sense to create a single manual with all 12 languages included nor package 12 different manuals with each instrument. DB initiated the switch to language specific packaging in the industry through the postponement of packaging materials at distribution centers and flexible language capability within the operating software.This is a right away forward process accomplished by marrying a language specific accessory box to the instrument during the shipment process. Shortly after achieving palmy packaging operations, DB initiated another postponemen t strategy in their Chemistry product line. This next strategy was to redesign the product so that it could be configured-to-order at the end of the assembly process. There are currently four variations of the Dimension Chemistry/Immunochemistry Analyzer Series. Dimension is offered as RxL Max Basic and RxL Max HM (heterogeneous model), or as an Xpand Plus Basic and Xpand Plus HM. Through a carefully designed manufacturing process, Dade Behring is able to manufacture a specific model as soon as that specific model is shipped to fill a customer order.This strategy involved the redesign of the manufacturing process so that the analyzer could be configured-to-order at the end of the assembly process. This meant that all of the commonalities between the two different variations of each model would be unite into an intermediate product that would be produced to a forecast, stored as intermediate inventory, and configured-to-order once an order was received. The redesign phase took a ag group up of engineers six months to make changes and train workers on the assembly line. The supply chain as shown in Figure 4. 2 became vastly more efficient and service levels increased dramatically. pic Figure 4. 2 Dade Behring supply chainCustomer service levels modify and inventory was significantly reduced by eliminating the need to store high value finished goods. Inventory across the supply chain was reduced through a 50 percent reduction in buffer or safety stock. Service levels went from oscillatory between 70-100 percent to greater than 98 percent. Once DB was able to improve service time to customers they started looking at their distribution centers and found opportunities to improve distribution strategies, given the improved flow of instruments through the manufacturing process. Because the opportunity cost of a lost sale in this industry is very high, distribution centers would store finished goods as a way to mitigate the risk of instrument shipment delays.However , when service levels improved, DB found that they could eliminate 50 percent of their global buffer inventory by eliminating the stocking of instruments in distribution centers in Asia and Canada, and reducing inventory levels in Latin America. Their primary instrument warehouses in the US and Europe service their global instrument distribution needs. The make-to-order and inventory management strategy provides DB with a deciding(prenominal) advantage in the industry. This is a classic example of the benefits of the successful implementation of postponement. Because of this success, DB was able to continue developing postponement in other lines of instruments. Today, more than 85 percent of instrument production at DB involves some form of postponement compared to less than five percent five years ago.By redesigning the Dimension instruments to be easily adaptable for configuration, DB realized that the product could also be easily de-configured back to the intermediate stage to support the junior-grade market for instruments. 4. 4 Sports Goods Manufacturing Reebok As a authorize supplier for the NBA and NHL and principle supplier for the NFL, Reebok knows the difficulties that come with meet the demand of a very fair die hard crowd. When teams do well more team apparel is demanded. The demand for a pseudo specific tee shirt is inherently more volatile than for a given team. Meeting customer requirements within a short period of time is a major challenge in the sporting goods industry. Sales of t-shirts and jerseys are not too predictable because Reebok does not know which teams will be hot at the beginning of the season.Demand for jerseys averages 30,000 per week or 1. 5 million each year. The different choices of team name, impostor name, color scheme, and size makes it extremely difficult to predict demand of an individual item during the pre-season. The idea of postponement in this industry is not new. Images of silk-screen companies working over time minutes after an NCAA basketball championship game, illustrates the idea of postponement. These manufacturers know that it is better to wait until there is certainty about the outcome of a game before producing apparel with the losing teams name on it. As a result they keep white or blank space shirts on hand ready for printing.At this point in the supply chain it would not make sense to put in an order for finished shirts from scratch to an overseas manufacturer (even if it costs less to make the shirt). The long lead time would mean missing the increase in sales generated within two weeks after a big win. This can be anything from an important mid-season upset, a new player entering the roster, players becoming hot, or the end of season championships. Reebok recognized this as an opportunity to reconstitute the supply chain to cater to both persistent items finished apparel that is produced to a forecast much earlier in the season, and customized apparel. The difference in the lead time for both of these items is significant. Retailers expect lead time to be 3-12 weeks for the stable items and as little as one week for the hot items.Reebok outsource the acidulous and sewing of fabric to contract manufacturers in substitution America. Some of the jerseys sent to Reebok are finished means that there is a customized team and player name already on the garment. Other jerseys, called team finished jerseys are sent with everything but a players name. These go straight to a distribution center that Reebok owns and operates in Indianapolis. The blank or team finished jerseys help satisfy two different types of demand. The first is for the hot players or players who sign with a team late in the pre-season and the second is for the players who have a gloomy, but somewhat predictable demand. pic Figure 4. 3 Reebok Supply Chain According to Figure 5. the blank jerseys arrive in the US and are ready for screen printing and embroidering. The decision to have a separate facility in the US is a result of the end customers unwillingness to wait. Fans expect to find the jersey they are looking for in a store. There is a chance they will be less likely to want one if they have to wait weeks to get it especially when an NFL team only plays 16 games per season. At a price of $25 for a long-sleeve t-shirt or $250 for an authentic jersey, the cost of lost sales is greater than the cost to ship, unpack, finish and reship a jersey from a local finishing center. Reebok is a classic example of two-stage production with postponement.They are able to take advantage of lower labor costs for the production of blank jerseys and optimize service levels by souring the final assembly in the US. This also creates local jobs in the areas of textile and silk-screen printing. 4. 5 Xilinx Xilinx is a semi-conductor manufacturer with headquarters in San Jose, CA. The semi-conductor industry is very volatile due to the wide variety of products and short product li fe cycle. Semi-conductors manufacturers are supplied to OEMs in the telecom, small electronics, and aerospace industries. However, they have a supply chain of their own which requires assembling and configuring wafers of silicon into programmable dies which later become interconnected circuits.Their position in this multi-echelon supply chain makes forecasting for specific end product demand costly, impractical, and very inaccurate. In addition, semiconductor manufacturing is quickly becoming a commoditized process. Comparative noetic and technological benefits that leaders in this industry were accustomed to are now becoming less of a competitive advantage. The focus has shifted from intellectual advantage to supply chain efficiency as a means of differentiation. The life cycle for an integrate circuit is anywhere from six months to two years. During that time new technology will make alive products obsolete. Having long manufacturing lead times cripples a companys ability to q uickly respond to these changes as well as changes in customer specific orders.Having a generic product and creating a postponement point separating a die with generic qualities and one with a specific logic configuration allow them to respond quickly and offer flexibility to their customers. Xilinx began with a combination of both process and product postponement. Product postponement was implemented by redesigning the dies to a certain range of parameters for the different characteristics. For example, there are four major sources of variety in an integrated circuit speed, number of logic gates, package types, and voltage. Customers can specify generic capabilities and can customize the chip to their specific specifications after the fabrication stage. The amount of variety makes postponement very beneficial.Xilinx can manufacture 200 different dies that can proliferate into over 4,000 different end product combinations. That makes the ratio of generic dies to end products roughly 120. The manufacturing process is broken up into two stages. Suppose a certain generic die, A, can be configured to take on 20 different configurations, A1, A2, A3, , A20). When a customer requests the specifications, they only need to specify the generic die. Once it is pulled from A inventory, it is customized to a certain degree depending on customer order specifications. This specification can take place at Xilinx for high volume orders or it can be delayed even further so that the point of customization occurs at the customer.Approximately 20 percent move into the high volume category and the remaining 80 percent are left for customization at the customer. The final customization is a matter of programming the software within the chip. By eliminating this process from the front end (manufacturing) process, Xilinx cut manufacturing lead time from three months to three weeks. Manufacturing usually takes place in Taiwan or lacquer and then product sits in inventory at Xilinx a waiting testing. Testing facilities are located in Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. tour postponement has reduced inventory and helped Xilinx meet customer requirements with more accuracy and on-time deliveries, it is just the beginning.Postponement within the semiconductor industry will extend far beyond customer configuration capabilities. Chapter 5 Conclusion The case studies presented in this paper come from a wide variety of industries. Each company was successful in implementing postponement for similar reasons, but have seen a wide variety of results. The most common strategic motivation for starting postponement were to improve service level and to reduce inventory holding cost as a result of an increase in product variety. One of the key factors in successful implementation is product modularity. If a product is not inherently modular, a successful postponement strategy requires a redesign of the product or a rethinking of product definition.In the cases of small consumables, the end product is not a razor blade or a disk, but rather a finished configured package destined for a particular retail outlet. The relationship between forecast variability and the decision between a make-to- stock or a build-to-order strategy is also a common factor. Products with stable demand stand to gain little from a postponement strategy because there is little benefit for delaying production when sales are committed. On the other hand, products with high variability gain from postponement because there is no commitment to final configuration until the order is placed. A company should determine the location of variability when deciding to implement postponement.Variability can be caused by product variety, undependability of customer orders, seasonality, trends, promotional activities, or it can be a result of the supply chain itself. Varia